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[论文解读] Ergodicity breaking in rapidly rotating C60 fullerenes

Lee R. Liu, D. Rosenberg|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 9, 2023
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies被引用 4
一句话总结

本研究首次观测到C60富勒烯中的二十面体旋转-振动精细结构,揭示了在远低于振动遍历性阈值的角动量下旋转遍历性破缺。通过高灵敏度红外光谱,作者识别出由于避免交叉和张量相互作用导致的多个在遍历与非遍历态之间的跃迁,表明高对称性、刚性分子可表现出由六阶与十阶张量相互作用主导的复杂非平衡动力学。

ABSTRACT

Ergodicity, the central tenet of statistical mechanics, requires that an isolated system will explore all of its available phase space permitted by energetic and symmetry constraints. Mechanisms for violating ergodicity are of great interest for probing non-equilibrium matter and for protecting quantum coherence in complex systems. For decades, polyatomic molecules have served as an intriguing and challenging platform for probing ergodicity breaking in vibrational energy transport, particularly in the context of controlling chemical reactions. Here, we report the observation of rotational ergodicity breaking in an unprecedentedly large and symmetric molecule, 12C60. This is facilitated by the first ever observation of icosahedral ro-vibrational fine structure in any physical system, first predicted for 12C60 in 1986. The ergodicity breaking exhibits several surprising features: first, there are multiple transitions between ergodic and non-ergodic regimes as the total angular momentum is increased, and second, they occur well below the traditional vibrational ergodicity threshold. These peculiar dynamics result from the molecules' unique combination of symmetry, size, and rigidity, highlighting the potential of fullerenes to uncover emergent phenomena in mesoscopic quantum systems.

研究动机与目标

  • 观测C60中长期预测但从未被探测到的二十面体旋转-振动精细结构。
  • 研究在高角动量下大而对称分子的旋转动力学中的遍历性破缺。
  • 确定旋转遍历性转变是否发生在振动能量无规分布(IVR)阈值以下。
  • 表征六阶与十阶张量相互作用在塑造旋转能级面和能级统计中的作用。
  • 建立避免交叉与高J C60中非单调遍历性行为之间的联系。

提出的方法

  • 对C60在1185 cm⁻¹区域的P支进行高灵敏度连续波红外光谱测量。
  • 通过最近邻峰分配与缺陷分析,从刚性转子参考系中提取旋转能级位移。
  • 基于刚性转子间距与J数分配规则,系统性地展开光谱缺陷。
  • 使用包含标量与张量相互作用的一般无场分子哈密顿量计算能量缺陷谱:$ H = H_{\text{scalar}} + H_{\text{tensor}} $。
  • 将观测到的峰强度拟合至核自旋权重,以验证J数分配并检测微扰效应。
  • 聚合间隙比统计量 $ p(r) $,以区分遍历(能级排斥)与非遍历(无排斥)区域。
Figure 1: Rotational energy surfaces and eigenvalues corresponding to icosahedral invariant spherical tensors. A) Symmetries of C 60 . (L-R): (1) Ball-and-stick model of C 60 , with the three different types of rotational symmetry axes that label stationary points on the rotational energy surface (R
Figure 1: Rotational energy surfaces and eigenvalues corresponding to icosahedral invariant spherical tensors. A) Symmetries of C 60 . (L-R): (1) Ball-and-stick model of C 60 , with the three different types of rotational symmetry axes that label stationary points on the rotational energy surface (R

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在角动量低于振动IVR阈值时,C60中是否发生旋转遍历性破缺?
  • RQ2二十面体对称性在促进更高阶张量相互作用、从而解除旋转简并方面起什么作用?
  • RQ3旋转态之间的避免交叉如何影响遍历与非遍历动力学之间的转变?
  • RQ4所观测到的精细结构是否可由六阶与十阶张量相互作用模型解释?
  • RQ5遍历性破缺在能级间距分布中的统计特征是什么?

主要发现

  • 首次在任何体系中实验观测到C60中的二十面体旋转-振动精细结构,证实了1986年的预测。
  • 随着总角动量 $ J $ 增加,观测到多个在遍历与非遍历态之间的转变,且无单调趋势。
  • 遍历性破缺发生在 $ J \approx 174 $,远低于振动遍历性阈值,表明其机制与IVR截然不同。
  • 非遍历态以分隔不同J轨迹的能量势垒为特征,间隙比统计量中无能级排斥。
  • 六阶与十阶张量相互作用被确定为精细结构的起源,避免交叉出现在 $ J \approx 80, 110, 160, 220 $。
  • 测量峰数与计算核自旋权重之间的一致性,证实了J数分配的有效性及强微扰的存在。
Figure 2: Direct continuous-wave (cw) absorption spectroscopy of C 60 P-branch. A) Complete normalized cw spectrum of P-branch. in order to expose the J-dependence of the nuclear spin weights. Red highlighted regions are shown in greater detail in subsequent panels. B)-F) Zoom into red highlighted r
Figure 2: Direct continuous-wave (cw) absorption spectroscopy of C 60 P-branch. A) Complete normalized cw spectrum of P-branch. in order to expose the J-dependence of the nuclear spin weights. Red highlighted regions are shown in greater detail in subsequent panels. B)-F) Zoom into red highlighted r

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