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[论文解读] Error Correction Codes for COVID-19 Virus and Antibody Testing: Using Pooled Testing to Increase Test Reliability

Jirong Yi, Myung Cho|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 29, 2020
SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing参考文献 26被引用 9
一句话总结

本文提出了一种新颖的混合检测框架,利用纠错编码原理提升SARS-CoV-2和抗体检测的诊断准确性,即使在个体检测不可靠的情况下亦能实现。通过将样本混合到多个检测池中,并利用冗余信息纠正错误,该方法在不增加检测次数的前提下,显著降低了假阴性和假阳性率,优于传统方法。

ABSTRACT

We consider a novel method to increase the reliability of COVID-19 virus or antibody tests by using specially designed pooled testings. Instead of testing nasal swab or blood samples from individual persons, we propose to test mixtures of samples from many individuals. The pooled sample testing method proposed in this paper also serves a different purpose: for increasing test reliability and providing accurate diagnoses even if the tests themselves are not very accurate. Our method uses ideas from compressed sensing and error-correction coding to correct for a certain number of errors in the test results. The intuition is that when each individual's sample is part of many pooled sample mixtures, the test results from all of the sample mixtures contain redundant information about each individual's diagnosis, which can be exploited to automatically correct for wrong test results in exactly the same way that error correction codes correct errors introduced in noisy communication channels. While such redundancy can also be achieved by simply testing each individual's sample multiple times, we present simulations and theoretical arguments that show that our method is significantly more efficient in increasing diagnostic accuracy. In contrast to group testing and compressed sensing which aim to reduce the number of required tests, this proposed error correction code idea purposefully uses pooled testing to increase test accuracy, and works not only in the "undersampling" regime, but also in the "oversampling" regime, where the number of tests is bigger than the number of subjects. The results in this paper run against traditional beliefs that, "even though pooled testing increased test capacity, pooled testings were less reliable than testing individuals separately."

研究动机与目标

  • 为应对大规模SARS-CoV-2和抗体检测中个体检测结果不可靠的挑战,特别是当个体检测具有较高假阳性或假阴性率时。
  • 开发一种在不增加检测次数的前提下提升诊断可靠性的方法,反驳传统观点认为混合检测会降低可靠性。
  • 利用每个个体在多个混合检测池中产生的冗余信息,纠正错误,其原理类似于通信系统中的纠错机制。
  • 证明即使在检测次数超过个体数量的过采样情形下,混合检测仍可优于个体检测的准确性。

提出的方法

  • 该方法采用组合式混合设计,其中每个个体的样本被分配到多个检测池中,从而在检测结果间产生冗余信息。
  • 应用压缩感知和纠错编码的原理,从混合检测结果中重构个体诊断状态,将检测错误视为通信信道中的噪声。
  • 将检测结果建模为稀疏信号的噪声观测,其中感染个体对应于二值向量中的非零项。
  • 使用解码算法通过求解一个优化问题来推断个体感染状态,该问题在满足混合结构约束的同时最小化误差。
  • 该方法兼容RT-qPCR、RT-LAMP和基于ELISA的检测方法,因此可广泛应用于病毒检测和血清学检测。
  • 通过在不同噪声水平、稀疏度水平(感染个体数量)和异常错误概率下进行模拟,评估性能。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1混合检测是否不仅能减少检测次数,还能在个体检测不可靠的情况下提升诊断准确性?
  • RQ2在不同检测噪声和错误条件下,混合检测与个体检测在假阳性率和假阴性率方面的表现如何比较?
  • RQ3当将纠错编码原理应用于SARS-CoV-2和抗体检测的混合样本检测时,其在多大程度上能提升可靠性?
  • RQ4在检测次数超过个体数量的过采样情形下,该方法是否仍能保持或提升准确性?
  • RQ5当个体检测准确性较低时,该方法能否有效纠正混合检测结果中的假阳性和假阴性?

主要发现

  • 在所有测试的噪声水平和稀疏度水平下,混合检测方法的假阴性率(FNR)始终低于个体检测。
  • 在所有m ≥ n的情况下,混合检测方法的假阳性率(FPR)也低于个体检测,其中m为检测次数,n为个体数量。
  • 即使在15%的异常错误概率和高达2e0的高噪声水平下,混合方法的准确性仍显著优于个体检测。
  • 随着检测次数的增加,混合方法的FNR和FPR单调递减,表明测量次数越多,性能越稳定提升。
  • 相比之下,由于为避免漏诊感染个体而采取保守策略,个体检测的FPR随重复检测次数增加而恶化,凸显了个体检测的关键局限性。
  • 在所有模拟案例中,均未观察到个体检测在FNR和FPR两项指标上均优于混合检测的情况,充分证明了所提方法的稳健优越性。

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