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[论文解读] Escaping the Hydrolysis Trap: An Agentic Workflow for Inverse Design of Durable Photocatalytic Covalent Organic Frameworks

Iman Peivaste, Nicolas D. Boscher|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 5, 2026
Covalent Organic Framework Applications被引用 0
一句话总结

论文提出 Ara,这是一个由 LLM 指导的代理,能够导航 COF 设计空间以共同优化带隙、带边和水解稳定性,与随机搜索和贝叶斯优化相比,其命中率更高、首次命中发现更快。

ABSTRACT

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production, yet the most electronically favorable linkages, imines, hydrolyze rapidly in water, creating a stability--activity trade-off that limits practical deployment. Navigating the combinatorial design space of nodes, linkers, linkages, and functional groups to identify candidates that are simultaneously active and durable remains a formidable challenge. Here we introduce Ara, a large-language-model (LLM) agent that leverages pretrained chemical knowledge, donor--acceptor theory, conjugation effects, and linkage stability hierarchies, to guide the search for photocatalytic COFs satisfying joint band-gap, band-edge, and hydrolytic-stability criteria. Evaluated against random search and Bayesian optimization (BO) over a space consisting of candidates with various nodes, linkers, linkages, and r-groups, screened with a GFN1-xTB fragment pipeline, Ara achieves a 52.7\% hit rate (11.5$ imes$ random, p = 0.006), finds its first hit at iteration 12 versus 25 for random search, and significantly outperforms BO (p = 0.006). Inspection of the agent's reasoning traces reveals interpretable chemical logic: early convergence on vinylene and beta-ketoenamine linkages for stability, node selection informed by electron-withdrawing character, and systematic R-group optimization to center the band gap at 2.0 eV. Exhaustive evaluation of the full search space uncovers a complementary exploitation--exploration trade-off between the agent and BO, suggesting that hybrid strategies may combine the strengths of both approaches. These results demonstrate that LLM chemical priors can substantially accelerate multi-criteria materials discovery.

研究动机与目标

  • 在水性光催化条件下解决 imine 链接 COF 的稳定性–活性权衡问题。
  • 开发并评估一个基于 LLM 的代理,利用化学先验来引导多目标 COF 设计。
  • 将代理的性能与随机搜索和贝叶斯优化在定义的 COF 设计空间中进行比较。
  • 校准基于片段的筛选流程并量化代理的样本效率和决策依据。

提出的方法

  • 定义具有节点、连接体、连接方式和 R 基团的组合 COF 设计空间(兼容性约束后共 820 个候选)。
  • 使用基于片段的筛选流程,结合 RDKit 组装、3D 置嵌、GFN1-xTB 架构优化以及 delta-SCF IP−EA 估算电子禁带。
  • 通过使用 13 个 COF 集合的线性转移函数将 xTB 的带隙标定到 DFT 标尺;将 CBM 相对于 NHE 的位置进行映射。
  • 从连接稳定性、屏蔽效应和疏水性出发,计算综合稳定性指数 SCSI,权重为(0.50,0.30,0.20)。
  • 按以下条件对命中进行分类:带隙 1.8–2.2 eV、CBM < 0 V、SCSI ≥ 0.7;使用将带隙、CBM 得分和 SCSI 结合的连续奖励 r。
  • 在 200 次迭代、5 个种子下比较三种搜索策略(随机、贝叶斯优化、Ara)。
Figure 1: Overview of the Ara agentic workflow for COF photocatalyst discovery. (a) The combinatorial design space comprises 820 candidates formed from 7 trigonal nodes, 19 ditopic linkers, 4 linkage chemistries of varying hydrolytic stability, and 10 aromatic R-group substituents, subject to chemic
Figure 1: Overview of the Ara agentic workflow for COF photocatalyst discovery. (a) The combinatorial design space comprises 820 candidates formed from 7 trigonal nodes, 19 ditopic linkers, 4 linkage chemistries of varying hydrolytic stability, and 10 aromatic R-group substituents, subject to chemic

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1LLM 指导的代理是否能高效地在多目标 COF 设计空间中导航,以识别同时满足电子与稳定性要求的候选材料?
  • RQ2代理引导的搜索在命中率、首次命中时机和累计命中方面相比随机搜索与贝叶斯优化有何差异?
  • RQ3在预算约束下,哪些驱动性的化学策略(连接类型、节点选择、R 基团调节)能实现高质量命中?
  • RQ4代理在稳定性评分权重(SCSI)变化下的优势是否具有鲁棒性?

主要发现

  • Ara 代理在 200 次迭代中实现累积命中率 52.7%,显著高于随机搜索 11.5 倍(p=0.006)。
  • Ara 的命中率高于贝叶斯优化,具有统计显著的优势(p=0.006)。
  • 首次命中出现在 Ara 的迭代 12,而随机为 25、BO 为 22。
  • 在不同种子下,Ara 的累计命中为 105.4 ± 40.9,命中率 52.7%(随机为 9.2 ± 1.9,BO 为 28.2 ± 3.8 的累计命中)。
  • 代理的推理轨迹显示在稳定性方面偏向乙烯基结构和 β-咔啉酮醛的连接,避免过强电子拉动的节点,并通过系统性 R 基团调节使带隙集中在约 2.0 eV 附近。
  • 对 670 个成功计算候选的全面评估发现 38 个真实命中,揭示开发-探索的权衡:代理在快速高质量命中方面表现出色,而 BO 覆盖了更广的命中景观。
  • 灵敏度分析表明代理的优势在对 SCSI 的 30 种稳定性权重组合下仍然存在,表明对评分参数选择具有鲁棒性。
Figure 2: Scatter plot of xTB (IP $-$ EA) fundamental gap versus DFT band gap for 13 COFs spanning six linkage types, with the linear transfer function overlaid. The calibration set includes boronate ester, boroxine, and triazine linkage types not present in the search space to broaden the range of
Figure 2: Scatter plot of xTB (IP $-$ EA) fundamental gap versus DFT band gap for 13 COFs spanning six linkage types, with the linear transfer function overlaid. The calibration set includes boronate ester, boroxine, and triazine linkage types not present in the search space to broaden the range of

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