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[论文解读] Essentiality of the Non-stoquastic Hamiltonians and Driver Graph Design in Quantum Optimization Annealing

Vicky Choi|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 5, 2021
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture被引用 4
一句话总结

本文展示了,通过精心设计的XX驱动图,非定态哈密顿量可在量子退火中实现指数级量子加速,其机制是形成双反交叉结构,使能隙足够大,从而实现多项式时间的非绝热操作。关键贡献在于提出了一种系统化方法,无需事先了解问题结构即可设计此类非定态驱动,从而在困难优化实例上超越定态和经典算法。

ABSTRACT

One of the distinct features of quantum mechanics is that the probability amplitude can have both positive and negative signs, which has no classical counterpart as the classical probability must be positive. Consequently, one possible way to achieve quantum speedup is to explicitly harness this feature. Unlike a stoquastic Hamiltonian whose ground state has only positive amplitudes (with respect to the computational basis), a non-stoquastic Hamiltonian can be eventually stoquastic or properly non-stoquastic when its ground state has both positive and negative amplitudes. In this paper, we describe that, for some hard instances which are characterized by the presence of an anti-crossing (AC) in a transverse-field quantum annealing (QA) algorithm, how to design an appropriate XX-driver graph (without knowing the prior problem structure) with an appropriate XX-coupler strength such that the resulting non-stoquastic QA algorithm is proper-non-stoquastic with two bridged anti-crossings (a double-AC) where the spectral gap between the first and second level is large enough such that the system can be operated diabatically in polynomial time. The speedup is exponential in the original AC-distance, which can be sub-exponential or exponential in the system size, over the stoquastic QA algorithm, and possibly the same order of speedup over the state-of-the-art classical algorithms in optimization. This work is developed based on the novel characterizations of a modified and generalized parametrization definition of an anti-crossing in the context of quantum optimization annealing introduced in [4].

研究动机与目标

  • 解决定态量子退火在处理具有小能级间隙的困难优化问题时的局限性。
  • 探究通过设计有利的反交叉结构,非定态哈密顿量是否能实现更快的量子退火。
  • 开发一种设计XX驱动图与耦合强度的方法,以产生具有大能级间隙的双反交叉结构,从而支持非绝热操作。
  • 证明该方法可在定态量子退火上实现指数级加速,并可能匹配或超越经典优化算法。

提出的方法

  • 作者提出了一种量子优化中反交叉现象的广义参数化方法,将先前工作扩展至包含非定态效应。
  • 他们使用改进的布里渊-维格纳微扰理论分析能级间隙,以计算反交叉点附近左右基态之间的重叠。
  • 该方法识别出,能级间隙的主要贡献来自驱动器距离(t)最小的态,其系数随距离呈几何衰减。
  • 通过调节XX耦合强度 $ J_{\mathsf{xx}} > 0 $,使系统变为非定态,从而实现具有大间隙的双反交叉结构。
  • 驱动图 $ G_{\mathsf{driver}} $ 被设计为通过多条短路径连接基态与第一激发态,利用振幅的相干叠加最大化能级间隙。
  • 该方法采用催化剂型哈密顿量 $ \mathcal{H}_{\mathsf{driver}} = \mathcal{H}_X + s\mathcal{H}_{\mathsf{XX}} $,确保初始基态为均匀叠加态,从而提升实验可行性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1具有工程化XX驱动的非定态哈密顿量是否能在解决困难优化问题时显著优于定态量子退火?
  • RQ2如何系统性地设计双反交叉结构以最大化能级间隙并支持非绝热操作?
  • RQ3驱动图的拓扑结构与耦合强度在决定反交叉能级间隙大小方面起什么作用?
  • RQ4即使原始问题的绝热能级间隙很小,能否使能级间隙足够大,以支持多项式时间的非绝热演化?

主要发现

  • 所提出的非定态量子退火方法在定态量子退火上实现了指数级加速,且加速幅度随原始反交叉距离呈指数增长。
  • 由XX驱动产生的双反交叉结构确保了大的能级间隙,从而支持在多项式时间内实现非绝热操作。
  • 能级间隙主要由驱动图中左右态之间最短路径决定,振幅系数随距离呈几何衰减。
  • 该方法无需事先了解问题结构,仅依赖于对XX驱动图与耦合强度的工程能力。
  • 该方法对微扰具有鲁棒性,在反交叉较弱时仍有效,前提是振幅的几何衰减特性得以保持。

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