[论文解读] Estimating Stress Heterogeneity From Aftershock Rate
本文提出一种速率-状态摩擦模型,用于从非均匀应力变化中估算余震率,表明应力非均质性(以τ₀量化)控制奥米里定律指数p,且随着τ₀减小,p也减小。研究显示,即使应力分布为高斯分布,余震率仍紧密遵循奥米里定律(p ≤ 1),且在非均匀应力场中难以探测到应力阴影。
Abstract. We estimate the rate of aftershocks triggered by a heterogeneous stress change, using the rate-and-state model of Dieterich [1994]. We show than an exponential stress distribution P(τ) ∼ exp(−τ/τ0) gives an Omori law decay of aftershocks with time ∼ 1/t p, with an exponent p = 1 − Aσn/τ0, where A is a parameter of the rate-and-state friction law, and σn the normal stress. Omori exponent p thus decreases if the stress ”heterogeneity” τ0 decreases. We also invert the stress distribution P(τ) from the seismicity rate R(t), assuming that the stress does not change with time. We apply this method to a synthetic stress map, using the (modified) scale invariant ”k 2 ” slip model [Herrero and Bernard, 1994]. We generate synthetic aftershock catalogs from this stress change. The seismicity rate on the rupture area shows a huge increase at short times, even if the stress decreases on average. Aftershocks are clustered in the regions of low slip, but the spatial distribution is more diffuse than for a simple slip dislocation. Because the stress field is very heterogeneous, there are many patches of positive stress changes everywhere on the fault. This stochastic slip model gives a Gaussian stress distribution, but nevertheless produces an aftershock rate which is very close to Omori’s law, with an effective p ≤ 1, which increases slowly with time. The inversion of the full stress distribution P(τ) is badly constrained for negative stress values, and for very large positive values, if the time interval of the catalog is limited. However, constraining P(τ) to be a Gaussian distribution allows a good estimation of P(τ) for a limited number of events and catalog duration. We show that stress shadows are very difficult to observe in a heterogeneous stress context. 1.
研究动机与目标
- 建立空间非均匀应力变化如何影响余震率随时间衰减的模型。
- 探究应力非均质性是否影响余震序列中奥米里定律指数p。
- 开发一种从观测地震活动率R(t)反演应力分布P(τ)的方法。
- 评估在复杂非均质应力场中应力阴影的可探测性。
- 评估在有限目录持续时间和事件数量下应力分布反演的性能。
提出的方法
- 使用Dieterich(1994)的速率-状态摩擦模型,计算在非均匀应力变化下余震触发率。
- 假设应力分布P(τ) ∼ exp(−τ/τ₀),推导余震率随时间的衰减关系为∼1/t^p,其中p = 1 − Aσn/τ₀。
- 基于k²滑移模型(Herrero和Bernard,1994)生成合成应力图,以产生真实的应力非均质性。
- 从应力场生成合成余震目录,以模拟断层上的地震活动率。
- 从观测到的R(t)反演应力分布P(τ),假设应力时间不变,并在数据有限条件下测试反演性能。
- 将反演过程约束为高斯P(τ),以在数据稀疏时提高估计精度。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1应力非均质性(τ₀)如何影响余震序列中奥米里定律指数p?
- RQ2即使存在大量小的正应力斑块,非均质应力场是否仍能产生类似奥米里定律的余震衰减?
- RQ3在有限余震目录下,真实应力分布P(τ)能在多大程度上被恢复?
- RQ4为何在真实非均质应力场中难以观测到应力阴影?
- RQ5假设P(τ)为高斯分布,对从地震活动数据恢复应力分布的准确性有何影响?
主要发现
- 奥米里指数p随应力非均质性τ₀减小而减小,关系为p = 1 − Aσn/τ₀。
- 即使应力分布为高斯分布,余震率仍紧密遵循奥米里定律,有效p ≤ 1且随时间缓慢增加。
- 余震聚集在滑移量较低的区域,但其空间分布比均匀滑移断层更弥散。
- 当目录持续时间有限时,P(τ)在负应力值和极大正应力值区域的反演结果约束较差。
- 将P(τ)约束为高斯分布可显著提高在数据稀疏条件下的应力分布估计精度。
- 由于断层上存在大量小的正应力斑块,应力阴影在非均质应力场中极难被观测到。
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