[论文解读] Evaluation Of The PETsys TOFPET2 ASIC In Multi-Channel Coincidence Experiments
本研究评估了PETsys公司TOFPET2 ASIC在时间飞行正电子发射断层扫描(ToF-PET)应用中的性能,测试了其在多种雪崩光电二极管(SiPM)类型和闪烁体配置下的表现。该系统在使用Broadcom SiPM时实现了最低216.1 ps的符合时间分辨率(CRT),使用Hamamatsu SiPM时为219.9 ps,表明其具备稳定、多通道读出能力,适用于下一代ToF-PET/MRI系统。
Aiming to measure the difference in arrival times of two coincident gamma-photons with an accuracy in the order of 200 ps, time-of-flight positron emission tomography systems commonly employ silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and high-resolution digitization electronics, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). This work evaluates the performance of the TOFPET2 ASIC, released by PETsys Electronics S.A. in 2017, dependent on its configuration parameters in multi-channel coincidence measurements. SiPM arrays fabricated by different vendors (KETEK, SensL, Hamamatsu, Broadcom) were tested in combination with the ASIC. Scintillator arrays featuring different reflector designs and different configurations of the TOFPET2 ASIC software parameters were evaluated. The benchtop setup used is provided with the TOFPET2 ASIC evaluation kit by PETsys Electronics S.A.. Compared to existing studies featuring the TOFPET2 ASIC, multi-channel performance results dependent on a larger set of ASIC configuration parameters were obtained that have not been reported to this extend so far. The ASIC shows promising CRTs down to 219.9 ps in combination with two Hamamatsu S14161-3050-HS-08 SiPM arrays (128 channels read out, energy resolution 13.08 %) and 216.1 ps in combination with two Broadcom AFBR-S4N44P643S SiPM arrays (32 channels read out, energy resolution 9.46 %). The length of the trigger delay of the dark count suppression scheme has an impact on the ASIC performance. The integrator gain configuration has been investigated and allows an improvement of the energy resolution. Measuring up to the time-of-flight performance of state-of-the-art positron emission tomography (ToF-PET) systems while providing a uniform and stable readout for multiple channels at the same time, the TOFPET2 ASIC is treated as promising candidate for the integration in future ToF-PET systems.
研究动机与目标
- 评估TOFPET2 ASIC在多通道符合测量中用于时间飞行正电子发射断层扫描系统的表现。
- 评估ASIC配置参数(如判别器阈值、积分器增益和触发延迟)对符合时间分辨率(CRT)和能量分辨率的影响。
- 测试ASIC与多种SiPM类型(KETEK、SensL、Hamamatsu、Broadcom)及闪烁体顶点结构的兼容性与性能表现。
- 确定在实验台上实现子200 ps CRT的可行性,同时保持稳定、均匀的多通道读出。
- 研究暗计数抑制和数据率对系统性能的影响。
提出的方法
- 使用PETsys Electronics S.A.提供的TOFPET2 ASIC评估套件进行多通道符合测量。
- 将四种SiPM类型(KETEK、SensL、Hamamatsu、Broadcom)与采用不同反射层设计和配置的闪烁体阵列组合进行测试。
- 在实验台上使用22Na源测量符合时间分辨率(CRT)和能量分辨率,通过调节源与探测器之间的距离控制数据率。
- 改变关键ASIC配置参数,包括判别器阈值(vth_t1)、暗计数抑制方案中的触发延迟长度以及积分器增益。
- 在时间到数字转换器(TDC)和电荷到数字转换器(QDC)模式下采集数据,以评估时间与能量性能。
- 分析卫星峰的时间差谱及速率相关性能影响。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在不同SiPM类型和闪烁体配置下,TOFPET2 ASIC可实现的最小符合时间分辨率(CRT)是多少?
- RQ2ASIC配置参数(如判别器阈值、触发延迟和积分器增益)如何影响CRT和能量分辨率?
- RQ3暗计数抑制方案中的触发延迟对时间性能的影响程度如何?
- RQ4是否可通过调节积分器增益在牺牲能量谱线性度的前提下提升能量分辨率?
- RQ5数据率(源距离)是否会影响ASIC的时间或能量分辨率性能?
主要发现
- 当与两组Broadcom AFBR-S4N44P643S SiPM阵列(32通道,能量分辨率9.46%)配对时,TOFPET2 ASIC实现了216.1 ps的符合时间分辨率(CRT)。
- 使用两组Hamamatsu S14161-3050-HS-08 SiPM阵列(128通道,能量分辨率13.08%)时,CRT达到219.9 ps。
- 将判别器阈值(vth_t1)提高至40–50可同时改善CRT和能量分辨率,表明存在最优阈值设置。
- 暗计数抑制方案中的触发延迟长度显著影响性能,且可通过调节进一步优化CRT。
- 调节积分器增益可使能量分辨率绝对值提升最高达1%,尽管会轻微降低能量谱的线性度。
- 在多通道时间差谱中观察到卫星峰,表明在高通道配置下可能存在串扰或信号整形效应。
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