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[论文解读] Experimental Freezing of mid-Evolution Fluctuations with a Programmable Annealer

Nicholas Chancellor, G. Aeppli|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 24, 2016
Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis参考文献 2被引用 4
一句话总结

该论文通过设计具有大能量势垒的超自旋哈密顿量,在D-Wave可编程 annealer 上实现了中等演化过程中量子涨落的实验性冻结。利用基布尔-祖雷克机制(Kibble-Zurek mechanism),研究发现非平衡分布即使在有限横场下依然存在,最佳拟合数据表明,即使在复杂且属于NP难的自旋系统中,仍可观察到量子特征。

ABSTRACT

For randomly selected couplers and fields, the D-Wave device typically yields a highly Boltzmann like distribution [ indicating equilibration. These equilibrated data however do not contain much useful information about the dynamics which lead to equilibration. To illuminate the dynamics, special Hamiltonians can be chosen which contain large energy barriers. In this paper we generalize this approach by considering a class of Hamiltonians which map clusters of spin-like qubits into 'superspins', thereby creating an energy landscape where local minima are separated by large energy barriers. These large energy barriers allow us to observe signatures of the transverse field frozen. To study these systems, we assume that the these frozen spins are describes by the Kibble-Zurek mechanism which was originally developed to describe formation of topological defects in the early universe. It was soon realized that it also has applications in analogous superconductor systems and later realized to also be important for the transverse field Ising model . We demonstrate that these barriers block equilibration and yield a non-trivial distribution of qubit states in a regime where quantum effects are expected to be strong, suggesting that these data should contain signatures of whether the dynamics are fundamentally classical or quantum. We exhaustively study a class of 3x3 square lattice superspin Hamiltonians and compare the experimental results with those obtained by exact diagonalisation. We find that the best fit to the data occurs at finite transverse field. We further demonstrate that under the right conditions, the superspins can be relaxed to equilibrium, erasing the signature of the transverse field. These results are interesting for a number of reasons. They suggest a route to detect signatures of quantum mechanics on the device on a statistical level.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过设计具有大能量势垒的哈密顿量,研究量子 annealer 中的非平衡动力学。
  • 检验是否可在可编程量子 annealer 中实验性冻结中等演化阶段的涨落,以保留量子行为的特征。
  • 确定基布尔-祖雷克机制是否适用于量子 annealing,特别是在强量子涨落的系统中。
  • 将实验数据与精确对角化结果进行比较,以区分经典与量子动力学。
  • 探索此类系统是否可作为研究大规模复杂系统中基布尔-祖雷克机制的平台。

提出的方法

  • 设计了3×3正方形晶格的超自旋哈密顿量,将多个量子比特映射为具有大能量势垒的有效超自旋。
  • 使用D-Wave Two设备实现具有可编程局部场和自旋耦合的时间依赖横场伊辛模型。
  • 应用基布尔-祖雷克机制,建模 annealing 过程中从绝热到惯性区的过渡,识别出动力学停滞的“冻结”时间。
  • 在一系列具有不同横场强度的超自旋哈密顿量上进行了全面的实验研究。
  • 将实验结果与精确对角化结果进行比较,以识别最佳拟合参数,包括有限横场。
  • 证明了弛豫至平衡态会抹去冻结的特征,从而确认其动力学起源。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1是否可在可编程量子 annealer 中实验性冻结中等演化阶段的量子涨落?
  • RQ2当能量势垒抑制弛豫时,非平衡分布是否仍能持续存在?它们揭示了何种动力学本质?
  • RQ3基布尔-祖雷克机制是否适用于量子 annealing?它能否解释观测到的冻结行为?
  • RQ4实验数据是否最能由有限横场解释(即表明量子效应),而非纯粹的经典热弛豫?
  • RQ5在何种条件下,弛豫可擦除冻结的超自旋构型?这揭示了动力学的何种本质?

主要发现

  • 实验数据显示出由于大能量势垒而持续存在的非平衡分布,表明动力学冻结的发生。
  • 通过精确对角化对实验数据进行最佳拟合分析,发现有限横场提供最佳匹配,表明存在量子特征。
  • 基布尔-祖雷克机制成功描述了冻结转变,当弛豫时间与 annealing 速率相当时,动力学被有效冻结。
  • 冻结的自旋构型在基布尔-祖雷克框架下类似于拓扑缺陷,支持其与宇宙学缺陷形成过程的类比。
  • 弛豫至平衡态可擦除冻结态,证实观测到的非平衡行为具有动力学本质而非静态。
  • 所研究的超自旋哈密顿量映射至一类NP难问题,提示其在计算复杂性背景下研究动力学冻结的潜力。

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