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[论文解读] Experimentation, Biased Learning, and Conjectural Variations in Competitive Dynamic Pricing

Bar Light, Wenyu Wang|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 13, 2026
Auction Theory and Applications被引用 0
一句话总结

该论文分析了具有博弈反馈的多卖家动态定价,其中卖家使用两点实验并从自身数据学习。结果表明,相关实验会导致需求学习偏差,从而内生性地选择一个猜测性变动(Conjectural Variations, CV)均衡,通常高于竞争水平,而独立实验则趋于纳什均衡。

ABSTRACT

We study competitive dynamic pricing among multiple sellers, motivated by the rise of large-scale experimentation and algorithmic pricing in retail and online marketplaces. Sellers repeatedly set prices using simple learning rules and observe only their own prices and realized demand, even though demand depends on all sellers' prices and is subject to random shocks. Each seller runs two-point A/B price experiments, in the spirit of switchback-style designs, and updates a baseline price using a linear demand estimate fitted to its own data. Under certain conditions on demand, the resulting dynamics converge to a Conjectural Variations (CV) equilibrium, a classic static equilibrium notion in which each seller best responds under a conjecture that rivals' prices respond systematically to changes in its own price. Unlike standard CV models that treat conjectures as behavioral primitives, we show that these conjectures arise endogenously from the bias in demand learning induced by correlated experimentation (e.g., due to synchronized repricing schedules). This learning bias selects the long-run equilibrium, often leading to supra-competitive prices. Notably, we show that under independent experimentation, this bias vanishes and the learning dynamics converge to the standard Nash equilibrium. We provide simple sufficient conditions on demand for convergence in standard models and establish a finite-sample guarantee: up to logarithmic factors, the squared price error decays on the order of $T^{-1/2}$. Our results imply that in competitive markets, experimentation design can serve as a market design lever, selecting the equilibrium reached by practical learning algorithms.

研究动机与目标

  • 在多卖家市场中,动机化研究大规模实验和带博弈反馈的竞争性动态定价。
  • 表征在相关实验下,通过自我学习的价格更新如何收敛到 CV 均衡。
  • 在需求条件下识别学习 dynamics 的收敛性及提供有限样本收敛性保证。
  • 展示相关实验如何作为市场设计槓杆,在 CV 与 Nash 结果之间实现均衡选择。

提出的方法

  • 对一个有 n 个卖家且带博弈反馈的重复定价博弈进行建模,每个卖家仅观察自身价格和实际需求。
  • 引入两点价格实验(基线 vs 基线加小扰动)以及基于自身数据的线性回归需求估计。
  • 提出 Switchback Linear Demand Learning (SLDL):通过分批次随机扰动进行数据收集、OLS 需求估计,以及向估计的盈利最大化目标进行部分价格更新。
  • 通过一个表征对手跨价格响应的猜想矩阵 A 定义猜想变动(CV)均衡,并推导 CV 均衡的一阶条件。
  • 证明相关实验会在需求估计中引入偏差,使之拟合对手价格的共动,因而学习结果转化为 CV 均衡。
  • 建立有限样本保证:在稳定性条件下,均方价格误差以接近 T^{-1/2} 的速率衰减,且会有对数因子。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在多卖家设置中,具有博弈反馈的简单带博弈的定价算法是否会收敛到 CV 均衡?
  • RQ2价格实验的相关性结构如何影响均衡选择与定价结果?
  • RQ3在何种需求条件下学习动态会收敛,收敛速率是多少?
  • RQ4相关实验中的学习偏差如何内生地产生 CV 猜想的机制?
  • RQ5独立(不相关)实验如何影响收敛到纳什均衡?

主要发现

  • 当卖家在满足特定需求条件时遵循提出的两点实验和线性需求学习时,学习动态收敛到 CV 均衡。
  • 极限猜想矩阵由相关实验的统计结构内生确定,而非外部强加。
  • 当各卖家之实验不相关时,偏差消失,动态收敛到标准纳什均衡。
  • 对于标准模型,给出关于需求的简单充分条件(通过导数表述),并对线性与多项逻辑模型给出明确的稳定性界。
  • 在给定的稳定性标准下,存在有限样本收敛保证:均方价格误差的衰减接近 T^{-1/2},并且存在对数因子。

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