[论文解读] Exploiting NOMA for Multi-Beam UAV Communication in Cellular Uplink
本文提出了一种基于NOMA的多波束传输方案,用于多天线无人机(UAV)与地面基站(GBS)在蜂窝上行链路中的通信,支持同时向部分同频GBS发送信号,这些GBS可解码并消除UAV信号,而通过迫零波束成形在其他GBS上实现干扰零陷。关键贡献是首次以闭式表达式刻画了在干扰规避约束下的最大自由度(DoF)为 $ J^* = \floor{N/(M-1)} $,该结果定义了在干扰规避条件下可实现的可靠数据流的理论极限。
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to be an important new class of users in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G cellular networks. In particular, there are emerging UAV applications such as aerial photograph and data relaying that require high-speed communications between the UAVs and the ground base stations (GBSs). Due to the high UAV altitude, the strong line-of-sight (LoS) links generally dominate the channels between the UAVs and GBSs, which brings both opportunities and challenges in the design of future wireless networks supporting both terrestrial and aerial users. Although each UAV can associate with more GBSs for communication as compared to terrestrial users thanks to the LoS-dominant channels, it also causes/suffers more severe interference to/from the terrestrial communications in the uplink/downlink. This paper studies the uplink communication from a multi-antenna UAV to a set of GBSs within its signal coverage by considering a practical yet challenging scenario when the number of antennas at the UAV is smaller than that of co-channel GBSs. To achieve high-rate transmission yet avoid interfering with any of the existing terrestrial communications at the co-channel GBSs, we propose a novel multi-beam transmission strategy by exploiting the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. Specifically, the UAV sends each data stream to a selected subset of the GBSs, which can decode the UAV's signals and then cancel them before decoding the messages of their served terrestrial users, and in the meanwhile nulls its interference at the other GBSs via zero-forcing (ZF) beamforming. To draw essential insight, we first characterize in closed-form the degrees-of-freedom (DoF) under the proposed strategy. Then, we propose an efficient algorithm to maximize the UAV's transmit rate subject to the interference avoidance constraints for protecting the terrestrial users.
研究动机与目标
- 解决由于存在强视 Line-of-Sight(LoS)信道而导致的UAV到GBS上行链路中严重的同频干扰问题。
- 克服当占用的GBS数量超过UAV天线数量时,迫零波束成形不可行的问题。
- 通过在选定的GBS上利用NOMA和干扰消除技术,实现高速率UAV上行链路传输,同时保护陆地用户免受干扰。
- 在干扰规避约束下,对UAV和速率最大化的最大自由度(DoF)进行表征。
- 提出一种高效算法,联合优化有限信噪比(SNR)区域下的数据流分配、波束成形和速率。
提出的方法
- 提出一种基于NOMA的多波束传输策略,其中每个UAV数据流被发送到一组选定的占用GBS,这些GBS能够解码并消除UAV信号。
- 采用迫零(ZF)波束成形技术,使不在解码集合中的GBS实现干扰零陷,从而确保对陆地用户无干扰。
- 使用数学公式建模波束成形约束:对所有 $ n \notin \bigcup_{i \neq j} \tilde{\boldsymbol{\nu}}_i $,有 $ \bmath{h}_n^H \bmath{w}_j = 0 $,确保在非解码GBS上实现干扰零陷。
- 推导出在无限信噪比(SNR)区域下的DoF为 $ J^* = \floor{N/(M-1)} $,其中 $ N $ 为GBS数量,$ M $ 为UAV天线数量。
- 设计一种联合优化算法,用于有限SNR区域,以在干扰规避和波束成形约束下最大化UAV和速率。
- 通过确保在 $ J \neq J^* $ 时,变量数量超过ZF系统中方程数量,构建可行的波束成形解。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在避免对所有陆地用户造成干扰的前提下,UAV在上行链路中能可靠传输的最大数据流数量是多少?
- RQ2在基于NOMA的多波束上行链路系统中,UAV天线数量和同频GBS数量如何影响可实现的DoF?
- RQ3当占用的GBS数量超过UAV天线数量时,能否使ZF波束成形可行?若可行,需满足何种条件?
- RQ4如何联合优化数据流与GBS的关联关系及波束成形,以在干扰约束下最大化UAV上行链路和速率?
- RQ5在高信噪比(SNR)区域下,所提出的NOMA与ZF波束成形策略在UAV上行链路和速率方面的理论DoF极限是多少?
主要发现
- UAV上行链路和速率的最大自由度(DoF)为 $ J^* = \floor{N/(M-1)} $,该结果以闭式表达式推导自无限SNR区域。
- 当 $ J \neq J^* $ 时,ZF波束成形的可行性取决于线性系统中变量数量是否超过方程数量;该条件仅在 $ J \neq J^* $ 时得到保证。
- 当 $ J \neq J^* $ 时,由于独立的Rician衰落信道,存在满足所有ZF约束的非零波束成形向量 $ \bmath{w}_j $ 的概率为1。
- 所提出的基于NOMA的策略在占用GBS数量超过UAV天线数量时,相比传统仅使用ZF的方法,能够支持更多的数据流传输。
- 数值结果表明,所提方案显著提升了UAV上行链路吞吐量,优于传统方案。
- DoF结果表明,理论最大可靠数据流数量受限于GBS与UAV天线数量的比值,其下限为 $ N/(M-1) $。
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