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[论文解读] EXTENDED QUANTUM MECHANICS

B Pavel|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2000
Nonlinear Waves and Solitons参考文献 79被引用 21
一句话总结

本文通过将非相对论性量子力学重新表述为在密度矩阵流形上的泊松系统,将其扩展为广义量子力学(EQM),其中可观测量定义为自伴算符的量子期望。通过引入非线性对称性生成元和密度矩阵的算符值函数,该框架将标准量子力学推广至包含混合态、准经典近似和非线性扩展的范畴,统一于一个更广泛的理论体系——扩展量子力学(EQM)之中,且证明EQM可嵌入C*-代数量子理论体系。

ABSTRACT

The work can be considered as an essay on mathematical and conceptual structure of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (QM) which is related here to some other (more general, but also to more special and “approximative”) theories. QM is here primarily reformulated in an equivalent form of a Poisson system on the phase space consisting of density matrices, where the “observables”, as well as “symmetry generators” are represented by a specific type of real valued (densely defined) functions, namely the usual quantum expectations of corresponding selfadjoint operators. It is shown in this paper that inclusion of additional (“nonlinear”) symmetry generators (i.e. “Hamiltonians”) into this reformulation of (linear) QM leads to a considerable extension of the theory: two kinds of quantum “mixed states” should be distinguished, and operator ‐ valued functions of density matrices should be used in the r ˆ ole of “nonlinear observables”. A general framework for physical theories is obtained in this way: By different choices of the sets of “nonlinear observables” we obtain, as special cases, e.g. classical mechanics on homogeneous spaces of kinematical symmetry groups, standard (linear) QM, or nonlinear extensions of QM; also various “quasiclassical approximations” to QM are all subtheories of the presented extension of QM - a version of the extended quantum mechanics (EQM). A general interpretation scheme of EQM extending the usual statistical interpretation of QM is also proposed. Eventually, EQM is shown to be (included into) a C -algebraic (hence linear) quantum theory. Mathematical formulation of these theories is presented. The presentation includes an analysis of problems connected with differentiation on infinite ‐ dimensional manifolds, as well as a solution of some problems connected with the work with only densely defined unbounded real‐valued functions on the (infinite dimensional) “phase space” which correspond to unbounded operators (generators) and to their nonlinear generalizations. Also “nonlinear deformations” of unitary representations of kinematical symmetry Lie groups are introduced. Possible applications are briefly discussed, and some specific examples are presented. The text contains also brief reviews of Hamiltonian classical mechanics, as well as of QM. Mathematical appendices make the paper nearly selfcontained.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一个统一的数学与概念框架,用于非相对论性量子力学,以同时涵盖线性和非线性扩展。
  • 通过在无限维密度矩阵流形上使用代表量子期望的实值函数来重新表述量子力学,以解决量子力学中的基础性问题。
  • 通过引入非线性哈密顿量和算符值可观测量,扩展标准量子形式体系,从而区分两种类型的混合态。
  • 为EQM提供一个一般化的解释方案,推广标准量子力学的统计解释。
  • 将EQM嵌入更广泛的C*-代数量子理论背景中,确保与已确立的量子基础理论一致。

提出的方法

  • 将标准量子力学重新表述为在密度矩阵相空间上的泊松系统,其中可观测量为自伴算符的量子期望所给出的实值函数。
  • 引入非线性对称性生成元(非线性哈密顿量),以扩展标准量子力学的线性动力学,从而导出新型演化方程。
  • 使用密度矩阵的算符值函数来表示非线性可观测量,从而能够描述超越线性泛函的更一般物理量。
  • 处理无限维流形上微分的数学挑战,并处理与无界算符对应的在相空间上定义稠密的无界实值函数。
  • 引入运动学对称性李群的酉表示的非线性变形,以推广对称性在扩展理论中的作用。
  • 构建一个一般物理理论框架,使得经典力学、标准量子力学、准经典近似以及非线性量子力学均可作为不同非线性可观测量选择下的特例出现。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1如何通过将量子期望作为可观测量,将标准量子力学重新表述为在密度矩阵流形上的泊松系统?
  • RQ2在量子形式体系中引入非线性哈密顿量后,其数学与物理后果是什么?
  • RQ3在扩展框架中,两种不同类型的混合态是如何产生的?其物理意义是什么?
  • RQ4准经典近似如何作为扩展量子力学(EQM)框架中的子理论出现?
  • RQ5如何将扩展理论一致地嵌入量子理论的C*-代数形式体系中?

主要发现

  • 扩展量子力学(EQM)框架通过引入非线性哈密顿量和算符值可观测量,成功地将标准量子力学推广,从而允许更广泛的物理理论类别。
  • 在EQM中识别出两种由非线性结构导致的混合态,其在标准线性量子力学中并不存在。
  • 该理论提供了一个统一框架,使得在齐次空间上的经典力学、标准量子力学以及各种准经典近似均可作为不同非线性可观测量选择下的特例出现。
  • 数学表述解决了无限维流形上微分的挑战,以及在密度矩阵相空间上处理定义稠密的无界实值函数的问题。
  • 引入了运动学对称性群的酉表示的非线性变形,推广了对称性在扩展理论中的作用。
  • 证明扩展量子力学可嵌入量子理论的C*-代数形式体系中,确保与量子力学基础原理的一致性。

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