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[论文解读] Faster Submodular Maximization for Several Classes of Matroids

Monika Henzinger, Paul Liu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2023
Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs被引用 1
一句话总结

本文提出了在图拟阵、换位拟阵和层状拟阵约束下,单调子模最大化问题的近乎线性时间算法,实现了 (1 − 1/e − ε) 的近似比。该方法利用了支持权重减少和冻结操作的新颖动态数据结构,实现了高效的基维护与舍入,且在连续贪婪框架下达到了理论下界。

ABSTRACT

The maximization of submodular functions have found widespread application in areas such as machine learning, combinatorial optimization, and economics, where practitioners often wish to enforce various constraints; the matroid constraint has been investigated extensively due to its algorithmic properties and expressive power. Though tight approximation algorithms for general matroid constraints exist in theory, the running times of such algorithms typically scale quadratically, and are not practical for truly large scale settings. Recent progress has focused on fast algorithms for important classes of matroids given in explicit form. Currently, nearly-linear time algorithms only exist for graphic and partition matroids [Alina Ene and Huy L. Nguyen, 2019]. In this work, we develop algorithms for monotone submodular maximization constrained by graphic, transversal matroids, or laminar matroids in time near-linear in the size of their representation. Our algorithms achieve an optimal approximation of 1-1/e-ε and both generalize and accelerate the results of Ene and Nguyen [Alina Ene and Huy L. Nguyen, 2019]. In fact, the running time of our algorithm cannot be improved within the fast continuous greedy framework of Badanidiyuru and Vondrák [Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru and Jan Vondrák, 2014]. To achieve near-linear running time, we make use of dynamic data structures that maintain bases with approximate maximum cardinality and weight under certain element updates. These data structures need to support a weight decrease operation and a novel Freeze operation that allows the algorithm to freeze elements (i.e. force to be contained) in its basis regardless of future data structure operations. For the laminar matroid, we present a new dynamic data structure using the top tree interface of Alstrup, Holm, de Lichtenberg, and Thorup [Stephen Alstrup et al., 2005] that maintains the maximum weight basis under insertions and deletions of elements in O(log n) time. This data structure needs to support certain subtree query and path update operations that are performed every insertion and deletion that are non-trivial to handle in conjunction. For the transversal matroid the Freeze operation corresponds to requiring the data structure to keep a certain set S of vertices matched, a property that we call S-stability. While there is a large body of work on dynamic matching algorithms, none are S-stable and maintain an approximate maximum weight matching under vertex updates. We give the first such algorithm for bipartite graphs with total running time linear (up to log factors) in the number of edges.

研究动机与目标

  • 为单调子模最大化问题在关键拟阵约束下开发快速的近乎线性时间算法,克服先前方法的二次时间复杂度。
  • 将 Ene 和 Nguyen(2019)针对划分拟阵和图拟阵的近乎线性时间结果推广并加速,扩展至换位拟阵和层状拟阵。
  • 设计支持插入、删除、权重减少以及一种新型冻结操作的动态数据结构,以实现近似最大权重基的高效维护。
  • 在这些拟阵类别下实现 (1 − 1/e − ε) 的最优近似比,且在连续贪婪框架下匹配理论下界。
  • 证明在快速连续贪婪框架下,所提出的运行时间无法进一步优化,从而确认其最优性。

提出的方法

  • 通过支持近似最大权重基维护的动态数据结构,将快速连续贪婪框架适配至拟阵约束。
  • 引入一种新型的“冻结”操作,强制特定元素进入基中,无论后续更新如何,这对于维持近似保证至关重要。
  • 为层状拟阵设计基于树顶的动态数据结构,支持插入、删除、子树查询和路径更新,每次操作时间复杂度为 O(log n)。
  • 为换位拟阵设计一种 S-稳定动态匹配算法,支持顶点更新下的近似最大权重匹配维护,这是先前工作未支持的新能力。
  • 利用数据结构实现高效的舍入过程:换位拟阵中为 O(rank²(M)) 时间,层状拟阵中每次交换为 O(log n) 时间,图拟阵中使用红黑树实现。
  • 在数据结构中增强采样机制,支持对当前基外元素的加权和均匀采样,实现 O(k + Σtj) 时间内的高效采样。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否为换位拟阵和层状拟阵约束下的单调子模最大化问题开发近乎线性时间算法,从而将先前仅限于图拟阵和划分拟阵的结果加以扩展?
  • RQ2何种动态数据结构设计能够实现插入、删除、权重减少和冻结操作下近似最大权重基的高效维护?
  • RQ3能否在顶点更新下维持近似最大权重匹配并强制实现 S-稳定性(即保持指定顶点集处于匹配中),以及该能力如何用于子模优化?
  • RQ4能否在这些拟阵类别下将快速连续贪婪算法的运行时间进一步优化至近乎线性时间以下,且所提时间复杂度是否最优?
  • RQ5如何利用动态数据结构高效实现舍入阶段,以避免其成为整体算法的性能瓶颈?

主要发现

  • 所提出的算法在图拟阵、换位拟阵和层状拟阵约束下,以近乎线性时间实现了 (1 − 1/e − ε) 的近似比。
  • 对于层状拟阵,提出了一种基于树顶的新动态数据结构,支持每次操作 O(log n) 时间内的插入、删除和路径查询,从而实现高效的基维护。
  • 对于换位拟阵,首次开发了 S-稳定动态匹配算法,在顶点更新下维持近似最大权重匹配,总运行时间与边数呈线性关系(对数因子内)。
  • 换位拟阵的舍入阶段运行时间为 O(rank²(M)),层状拟阵中每次交换为 O(log n),均与数据结构高效集成。
  • 整体算法的运行时间在快速连续贪婪框架下匹配理论下界,表明其最优性。
  • 该算法推广并显著加速了 Ene 和 Nguyen(2019)的先前工作,将近乎线性时间结果从划分拟阵和图拟阵扩展至换位拟阵和层状拟阵。

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