[论文解读] Fault-Tolerant Distributed Implementation of Digital Social Contracts.
本文提出了一种容错的、基于对等网络的分布式账本架构,用于数字社会契约,采用每人一个区块链、部分排序、本地复制以及密码学签名的言辞行为。该架构通过一种自给自足、环境友好且平等的设计,实现了对故障代理的弹性,消除了中心化验证者和资源密集型共识机制。
A companion paper defined the notion of digital social contracts, presented a design for a social-contracts programming language, and demonstrated its potential utility via example social contracts. The envisioned setup consists of people with genuine identifiers, which are unique and singular cryptographic key pairs, that operate software agents thus identified on their mobile device. The abstract model of digital social contracts consists of a transition system specifying concurrent, non-deterministic asynchronous agents that operate on a shared ledger by performing digital speech acts, which are cryptographically-signed sequentially-indexed digital actions. Here, we address the distributed-ledger implementation of digital social contracts in the presence of faulty agents: we present a design of a fault-tolerant distributed-ledger transition system and show that it implements the abstract shared-ledger model of digital social contracts, and discuss its resilience to faulty agents. The result is a novel ledger architecture that is distributed with a blockchain-per-person (as opposed to centralized with one blockchain for all), partially-ordered (as opposed to totally-ordered), locally-replicated (as opposed to globally-replicated), asynchronous (as opposed to globally-synchronized), peer-to-peer with each agent being both an actor and a validator (as opposed to having dedicated miners, validators, and clients), environmentally-friendly (as opposed to the environmentally-harmful Proof-of-Work), self-sufficient (as opposed to the energy-hogging Proof-of-Work or capital-hogging Proof-of-Stake) and egalitarian (as opposed to the plutocratic Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake).
研究动机与目标
- 设计一种分布式账本系统,在存在故障代理的情况下正确实现数字社会契约的抽象模型。
- 确保在去中心化、对等网络环境中对故障或恶意代理具备弹性。
- 消除对如工作量证明或权益证明等资源密集型或资本密集型共识机制的依赖。
- 通过在共享账本上使用密码学签名的言辞行为,支持异步、非确定性和并发的代理交互。
- 实现一种自给自足、环境可持续且平等的系统,其中每个代理同时充当验证者和参与者。
提出的方法
- 设计一种分布式账本转换系统,将数字社会契约建模为并发的、非确定性的、异步的转换系统。
- 使用密码学签名的、按顺序索引的数字言辞行为作为共享账本上的原子操作,以表示代理间的交互。
- 采用每人一个区块链的架构,每个代理维护自己的本地区块链以实现交易排序和验证。
- 对跨代理的交易应用部分排序,以在无需全局同步的情况下实现灵活的异步协调。
- 使每个代理都能同时充当验证者和参与者,消除专门的挖矿或验证角色。
- 依赖密码学密钥对实现唯一且可验证的身份,并通过对拜占庭故障具有弹性的共识机制确保容错性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1如何设计一种分布式账本,使其在存在故障代理的情况下正确实现数字社会契约的抽象共享账本模型?
- RQ2哪些架构原则能够使账本在不依赖能源或资本密集型共识机制的情况下,同时具备容错性和自给自足性?
- RQ3在一个无中心权威的异步对等网络环境中,系统如何维持一致性和安全性?
- RQ4与全局区块链相比,每人一个区块链、本地复制的账本在哪些方面提升了弹性与可持续性?
- RQ5如何通过密码学签名的、按顺序索引的言辞行为,在去中心化且容错的前提下实现数字社会契约?
主要发现
- 所提出的账本架构成功以容错方式实现了数字社会契约的抽象共享账本模型。
- 系统通过本地复制、部分排序以及对言辞行为的密码学验证,实现了对故障代理的弹性。
- 每人一个区块链的模型消除了全局同步的需求,减少了攻击面和资源开销。
- 该设计通过避免使用工作量证明等资源密集型共识机制,实现了环境可持续性。
- 系统是自给自足且平等的,因为每个代理在无需外部资本或能源投入的情况下参与验证。
- 该架构通过在共享分布式账本上使用密码学签名的数字言辞行为,支持安全、并发且非确定性的代理交互。
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