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[论文解读] FedBot: Enhancing Privacy in Chatbots with Federated Learning

Addi Ait‐Mlouk, Sadi Alawadi|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 4, 2023
Privacy, Security, and Data Protection被引用 4
一句话总结

FedBot 提出了一种隐私保护型客户支持聊天机器人,通过联邦学习(FL)训练深度双向 Transformer 模型,而无需集中敏感的用户数据。通过支持协作式、去中心化的训练与增量学习,FedBot 在确保数据隐私、可扩展性及符合 GDPR 等法规的前提下,实现了与集中式模型相当的性能。

ABSTRACT

Chatbots are mainly data-driven and usually based on utterances that might be sensitive. However, training deep learning models on shared data can violate user privacy. Such issues have commonly existed in chatbots since their inception. In the literature, there have been many approaches to deal with privacy, such as differential privacy and secure multi-party computation, but most of them need to have access to users' data. In this context, Federated Learning (FL) aims to protect data privacy through distributed learning methods that keep the data in its location. This paper presents Fedbot, a proof-of-concept (POC) privacy-preserving chatbot that leverages large-scale customer support data. The POC combines Deep Bidirectional Transformer models and federated learning algorithms to protect customer data privacy during collaborative model training. The results of the proof-of-concept showcase the potential for privacy-preserving chatbots to transform the customer support industry by delivering personalized and efficient customer service that meets data privacy regulations and legal requirements. Furthermore, the system is specifically designed to improve its performance and accuracy over time by leveraging its ability to learn from previous interactions.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决数据驱动型聊天机器人中日益增长的数据隐私问题,尤其是在用户交互敏感的客户支持场景中。
  • 克服集中式训练的局限性,避免数据泄露风险并规避 GDPR 和 HIPAA 等隐私法规的违规。
  • 开发一个概念验证系统,实现在多个客户端之间协作训练模型,同时确保所有训练数据保留在用户设备本地。
  • 通过增量在线学习持续提升模型准确率与适应性,同时不损害用户数据隐私。
  • 证明联邦学习在现实世界客户支持场景中应用于大规模自然语言处理任务(如对话理解)的可行性。

提出的方法

  • 采用联邦学习框架,其中本地客户端(如客户支持系统)使用其私有数据训练共享的全局模型,而无需将原始数据上传至中心服务器。
  • 集成深度双向 Transformer 模型(如 BERT 类架构)以实现对话系统中的自然语言理解。
  • 使用中心聚合服务器(组合器)定期通过聚合参与客户端的本地模型更新来更新全局模型。
  • 实施增量在线学习,使客户端能够持续利用新数据改进模型,从而提升长期性能与适应性。
  • 设计系统以支持跨孤岛(组织级)和跨设备(终端设备)的联邦学习设置,实现广泛的部署灵活性。
  • 优化 FedBot 以适用于低资源环境,支持在标准笔记本电脑(仅需 2 核心、2GB 内存)上运行,确保可访问性与可扩展性。
Figure 1: The Fedbot architecture is organized in three main logical layers, the first one deals with privacy-preserving training using federated learning, the second one is a dialogue manager, and the third is for incremental learning and private data labelling.
Figure 1: The Fedbot architecture is organized in three main logical layers, the first one deals with privacy-preserving training using federated learning, the second one is a dialogue manager, and the third is for incremental learning and private data labelling.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1联邦学习能否在不集中敏感用户数据的前提下,有效训练出高性能的对话模型用于客户支持聊天机器人?
  • RQ2在准确率和响应相关性方面,联邦训练的 Transformer 模型性能与集中式基线模型相比如何?
  • RQ3FedBot 中的增量学习在引入新本地数据后,能在多大程度上提升模型的准确率与长期适应性?
  • RQ4FedBot 是否能在现实世界客户支持环境中,于多样且地理分布广泛的客户端间保持强隐私保障?
  • RQ5将联邦学习与大规模自然语言处理模型结合,对训练效率、通信开销及系统鲁棒性有何影响?

主要发现

  • FedBot 在客户支持数据集上经过 20 个训练轮次后,性能与集中式基线模型相当,证明联邦训练可在不集中数据的前提下生成高质量的对话模型。
  • 该系统通过确保原始用户语句从未传输至中心服务器,成功保护了数据隐私,符合 GDPR 等隐私法规要求。
  • 增量学习使模型能随着新数据的加入持续改进,使模型能够适应不断变化的用户查询并随时间推移提升性能,而无需从头开始重新训练。
  • FedBot 展现出良好的可扩展性与低资源需求,在仅配备 2 核心、2GB 内存的普通笔记本电脑上运行良好,使其可在多样化的客户端环境中部署。
  • 联邦学习与深度 Transformer 模型的结合,实现了鲁棒、准确且隐私保护的对话系统,适用于客户支持场景的生产环境。
  • 该框架支持跨孤岛与跨设备的联邦学习设置,实现在组织间与终端设备间的协作,同时保持数据本地化与信任。
Figure 2: The Transformer model architecture Vaswani et al. ( 2017 ) - Adapting the transformer model to a Fedbot architecture for natural language processing, featuring an encoder-decoder architecture that generates responses to user inputs using self-attention and feed-forward neural networks
Figure 2: The Transformer model architecture Vaswani et al. ( 2017 ) - Adapting the transformer model to a Fedbot architecture for natural language processing, featuring an encoder-decoder architecture that generates responses to user inputs using self-attention and feed-forward neural networks

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