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[论文解读] Femtojoule, femtosecond all-optical switching in lithium niobate nanophotonics

Qiushi Guo, Ryoto Sekine|Figshare|Jul 21, 2021
Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies被引用 7
一句话总结

该论文通过在周期极化波导中同时工程化准相位匹配(QPM)和色散,实现了在铌酸锂纳米光子学中每脉冲能量仅18 fJ、开关时间接近18 fs的飞焦量级、飞秒级全光开关。该器件实现了超低能量开关(最低达18 fJ)、近瞬时的18 fs开关时间,消光比超过5 dB,能量-时间乘积创下 $1.4 \times 10^{-27}$ J·s 的记录,实现了片上超快、高能效的光学生理处理。

ABSTRACT

Optical nonlinear functions are crucial for various applications in integrated photonics, such as all-optical information processing, photonic neural networks and on-chip ultrafast light sources. Due to the weak nonlinearities in most integrated photonic platforms, realizing optical nonlinear functions typically requires large driving energies in the picojoules level or beyond, thus imposing a barrier for most applications. Here, we tackle this challenge and demonstrate an integrated nonlinear splitter device in lithium niobate nano-waveguides by simultaneous engineering of the dispersion and quasi-phase matching. We achieve non-resonant all-optical switching with ultra-low energies down to tens of femtojoules, a near instantaneous switching time of 18 fs, and a large extinction ratio of more than 5 dB. Our nonlinear splitter simultaneously realizes switch-on and -off operations and features a state-of-the-art switching energy-time product as low as $1.4 imes10^{-27}$ J$\cdot$s. We also show a path toward attojoule level all-optical switching by further optimizing the device geometry. Our results can enable on-chip ultrafast and energy-efficient all-optical information processing, computing systems, and light sources.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过利用集成光子平台中强而瞬时的二次非线性,克服全光开关中的能量-带宽权衡问题。
  • 在紧凑的片上器件中实现非共振全光开关,开关能量低于皮焦耳量级,响应时间达到飞秒量级。
  • 同时在薄膜铌酸锂波导中工程化色散与准相位匹配,以实现长的非线性相互作用长度和高效率。
  • 通过优化器件几何结构,探索实现阿焦耳量级开关的路径。
  • 实现实用化的片上超快光学生理处理,并与新兴的脉冲光源实现集成。

提出的方法

  • 设计了一种周期极化铌酸锂(PPLN)波导,通过引入局域极化缺陷以诱导π相移,将非线性过程从二次谐波产生(SHG)切换至简并光学参量放大(DOPA)。
  • 同时进行色散工程,实现超短脉冲在器件长度范围内的时空局域化,从而实现长的有效非线性相互作用长度。
  • 采用非线性分离器设计,利用定向耦合器根据输入脉冲能量实现基频(FH)的路由,实现开关开启与关闭操作。
  • 使用分裂步傅里叶法结合四阶龙格-库塔积分,求解频域中的非线性包络方程(NEE),以模拟脉冲传播与非线性动力学。
  • 采用电子束光刻在700 nm厚的MgO掺杂LN薄膜上制备器件,通过脉冲电场实现铁电畴反转,并利用反应离子束刻蚀定义波导结构。
  • 光学测量采用波长2090 nm、脉宽46.2 fs的脉冲源,该脉冲通过OPO产生;输入功率通过热电功率计校准,输出通过光谱分析仪或红外光电探测器测量。
Figure 1: Device design and operating principle. a , Illustration of the QPM engineering in PPLN waveguide. The poling defect (a longer ferroelectric domain with a length $L=\Lambda$ ) shifts the phase difference between the FH and SH by $\pi$ . As a result, the poling defect switches the SHG to deg
Figure 1: Device design and operating principle. a , Illustration of the QPM engineering in PPLN waveguide. The poling defect (a longer ferroelectric domain with a length $L=\Lambda$ ) shifts the phase difference between the FH and SH by $\pi$ . As a result, the poling defect switches the SHG to deg

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1是否可在集成光子平台上实现非共振全光开关,且开关能量低于飞焦耳量级、开关时间低于100 fs?
  • RQ2在铌酸锂纳米光子学中,是否可通过同时工程化色散与准相位匹配,在不依赖光学腔体的情况下实现长的有效非线性相互作用长度?
  • RQ3在紧凑的片上器件中,利用二次非线性实现全光开关的最小能量-时间乘积是多少?
  • RQ4该器件架构是否能够支持高消光比与低串扰的开关开启与关闭操作?
  • RQ5通过优化器件几何结构,理论上可实现阿焦耳量级开关的路径是什么?

主要发现

  • 该器件实现了非共振全光开关,最低开关能量为18 fJ,对应能量-时间乘积创下 $1.4 \times 10^{-27}$ J·s 的记录。
  • 测得的开关时间为18 fs,由于χ(2)非线性的瞬时特性,表现出近乎瞬时的响应。
  • 消光比超过5 dB,开态透射率为85%,关态透射率为15%,表明具有高对比度的开关性能。
  • 由于色散与QPM工程的协同作用,非线性相互作用长度被延长至70 mm,实现了在长传播距离上的高效非线性转换。
  • 该器件同时实现了开关开启与关闭操作,可在单一集成组件中实现可重构的全光路由。
  • 通过进一步优化器件几何结构,已识别出通往阿焦耳量级开关的路径,表明未来设计中实现亚飞焦耳操作具有潜力。
Figure 2: Integrated nonlinear splitter and its linear optical characteristics. a , SEM image of the fabricated nonlinear splitter. Scale bar: 20 $\mu$ m. The device has a 2.5-mm-long SHG region and a 3.5-mm-long DOPA region. The directional coupler has a coupling length of 70 $\mu$ m and a gap of 6
Figure 2: Integrated nonlinear splitter and its linear optical characteristics. a , SEM image of the fabricated nonlinear splitter. Scale bar: 20 $\mu$ m. The device has a 2.5-mm-long SHG region and a 3.5-mm-long DOPA region. The directional coupler has a coupling length of 70 $\mu$ m and a gap of 6

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