[论文解读] First tidal disruption events discovered by SRG/eROSITA: X-ray/optical properties and X-ray luminosity function at z<0.6
本研究报道了由SRG/eROSITA全天巡天发现的首批13个潮汐瓦解事件(TDEs),分析了其X射线与光学性质。研究发现TDE的X射线光度函数呈幂律分布,斜率为−0.6±0.2,总事件率为(1.1 ± 0.5) × 10⁻⁵ TDEs/星系/年,显著低于光学巡天结果,表明高亮度X射线TDE仅占少数,可能沿吸积盘轴向视线方向被观测到。
We present the first sample of tidal disruption events (TDEs) discovered during the SRG all-sky survey. These 13 events were selected among X-ray transients detected in the 0<l<180 deg hemisphere by eROSITA during its second sky survey (10 June - 14 December 2020) and confirmed by optical follow-up observations. The most distant event occurred at z=0.581. One TDE continued to brighten at least 6 months. The X-ray spectra are consistent with nearly critical accretion onto black holes of a few 10^3 to 10^8 M_Sun, although supercritical accretion is possibly taking place. In two TDEs, a spectral hardening is observed 6 months after the discovery. Four TDEs showed an optical brightening apart from the X-ray outburst. The other 9 TDEs demonstrate no optical activity. All 13 TDEs are optically faint, with Lopt/Lx<0.3 (Lopt and Lx being the g-band and 0.2-6 keV luminosity, respectively). We have constructed a TDE X-ray luminosity function, which can be fit by a power law with a slope of -0.6+/-0.2, similar to the trend observed for optically selected TDEs. The total rate is estimated at (1.1+/-0.5)10^-5 TDEs per galaxy per year, an order of magnitude lower than inferred from optical studies. This suggests that X-ray bright events constitute a minority of TDEs, consistent with models predicting that X-rays can only be observed from directions close to the axis of a thick accretion disk formed from the stellar debris. Our TDE detection threshold can be lowered by a factor of ~2, which should allow a detection of ~700 TDEs by the end of the SRG survey.
研究动机与目标
- 识别并表征SRG/eROSITA全天巡天发现的首批潮汐瓦解事件(TDEs)。
- 研究这些TDE的X射线与光学性质,包括其光度函数与谱演化特征。
- 将X射线巡天观测到的TDE事件率与光学巡天结果进行比较,以理解选择效应的影响。
- 检验TDE辐射模型,特别是涉及厚吸积盘方位依赖遮蔽的模型。
- 评估eROSITA的探测灵敏度阈值,并预测整个巡天周期内预期的TDE总数。
提出的方法
- 在eROSITA第二次全天巡天期间(2020年6月至12月),于银纬0 < l < 180°区域识别X射线暂现源。
- 通过地面望远镜(BTA、AZT-33IK、RTT150、CMO等)进行多波段光学后续观测,确认TDE候选体。
- 分析0.3–6 keV能段的X射线光 light curves 与 spectra,以确定光度、谱型及其演化特征。
- 利用g波段及其他光学滤波器进行光谱与测光观测,评估光学活动水平与宿主星系性质。
- 使用FSPS与Prospector软件包拟合宿主星系的SED,以估算星族参数与宿主星系光度。
- 构建TDE X射线光度函数,并基于观测样本推导出每星系每年的TDE总事件率。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1eROSITA在SRG全天巡天期间发现的首批TDE的X射线与光学性质是什么?
- RQ2本研究基于X射线选源样本构建的TDE X射线光度函数,与光学巡天结果相比有何异同?
- RQ3为何X射线巡天中观测到的TDE事件率显著低于光学巡天?这对我们理解TDE选择效应有何启示?
- RQ4在X射线选源的TDE中是否观测到谱硬化或光学增亮事件?这些现象对吸积物理过程有何指示意义?
- RQ5eROSITA在整个巡天周期内预计能探测到多少TDE?当前的探测灵敏度阈值与理论极限相比如何?
主要发现
- eROSITA在第二次全天巡天期间共发现13个TDE,红移最高达z = 0.581,其中一例事件在X射线波段至少持续六个多月增亮。
- X射线谱与质量在数×10³至10⁸ M⊙范围内的黑洞近临界吸积一致,部分情况可能存在超临界吸积。
- 在两个TDE中,约在发现后六个月观测到谱硬化现象,表明吸积条件正在演化。
- 四个TDE在X射线爆发期间伴随光学增亮,而其余九个保持光学暗弱,其Lg/LX < 0.3。
- TDE X射线光度函数可用幂律拟合,斜率为−0.6 ± 0.2,与光学样本相似;但总事件率为(1.1 ± 0.5) × 10⁻⁵ TDEs/星系/年,约为光学估计值的十分之一。
- 较低的X射线事件率表明X射线明亮TDE仅为少数,可能沿吸积盘轴向视线方向被观测,与方位依赖遮蔽模型一致;探测灵敏度阈值尚有约2倍的提升空间,有望使巡天结束时探测到约700个TDE。
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