[论文解读] FM Backscatter: Enabling Connected Cities and Smart Fabrics
这篇论文介绍一个系统,使用环境 FM 无线信号作为背向散射源,实现与汽车、智能手机和智能面料的户外通信。它在5–60英尺范围内以超低功耗 (~11 µW) 实现最高 3.2 kbps 的数据速率。
This paper enables connectivity on everyday objects by transforming them into FM radio stations. To do this, we show for the first time that ambient FM radio signals can be used as a signal source for backscatter communication. Our design creates backscatter transmissions that can be decoded on any FM receiver including those in cars and smartphones. This enables us to achieve a previously infeasible capability: backscattering information to cars and smartphones in outdoor environments. Our key innovation is a modulation technique that transforms backscatter, which is a multiplication operation on RF signals, into an addition operation on the audio signals output by FM receivers. This enables us to embed both digital data as well as arbitrary audio into ambient analog FM radio signals. We build prototype hardware of our design and successfully embed audio transmissions over ambient FM signals. Further, we achieve data rates of up to 3.2 kbps and ranges of 5-60 feet, while consuming as little as 11.07μW of power. To demonstrate the potential of our design, we also fabricate our prototype on a cotton t-shirt by machine sewing patterns of a conductive thread to create a smart fabric that can transmit data to a smartphone. We also embed FM antennas into posters and billboards and show that they can communicate with FM receivers in cars and smartphones.
研究动机与目标
- 探索环境中的 FM 信号是否可以成为实现户外连接的普遍背向散射源。
- 设计一种调制方案,将背向散射转化为 FM 接收机可解码的叠加音频信号。
- 演示叠加背向散射、立体声背向散射和协同背向散射,以在户外环境中实现音频和数据传输。
- 在智能面料和海报上进行原型硬件和概念验证应用的验证,以验证可行性。
提出的方法
- 利用环境 FM 传输作为背向散射的射频信源。
- 将背向散射从乘性射频操作转变为 FM 接收机音频域的加性运算。
- 实现叠加背向散射,在环境 FM 上传输任意音频,在 FM 信道上传输数据。
- 通过利用未占用的立体声带和导频音来承载信息,使用立体声背向散射。
- 与两部手机协同背向散射,以模拟类似 MIMO 的干扰抵消方案。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1环境 FM 信号是否能够被汽车和智能手机中的标准 FM 接收机可靠解码?
- RQ2哪些调制策略能够在环境 FM 上叠加音频与数字数据,而不需要新型收发机?
- RQ3立体声和协同背向散射如何在户外环境中提升数据速率和鲁棒性?
- RQ4在实际场景中,FM 背向散射可实现的实际数据速率、工作距离和功耗是多少?
主要发现
- 实现了高达 3.2 kbps 的数据速率和 5–60 英尺的通信距离。
- 在智能手机和汽车 FM 接收机上证明了背向散射信号的解码。
- 验证了叠加背向散射、立体声背向散射和协同背向散射技术在多种场景中的适用性。
- 原型硬件的功耗低至 11.07 µW。
- 制成的智能面料和海报展示了户外 FM 背向散射的实际概念验证。
- 在城市环境中测得的 FM 信号强度表明环境背景功率足以用于背向散射。
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