[论文解读] Fourier and Circulant Matrices are Not Rigid
本文证明了在复数域或有限域上,傅里叶矩阵和循环矩阵并非刚性,即通过改变少量元素无法显著降低其秩。作者表明,对于任意阿贝尔群 $G$,当 $\gcd(|G|,q)=1$ 时,$G$-循环矩阵在 $\mathbb{C}$ 或 $\mathbb{F}_q$ 上也是非刚性的,从而削弱了其在瓦利安特算术电路下界方法中的应用。
The concept of matrix rigidity was first introduced by Valiant in 1977. Roughly speaking, a matrix is rigid if its rank cannot be reduced significantly by changing a small number of entries. There has been extensive interest in rigid matrices as Valiant showed in his MFCS'77 paper that rigidity can be used to prove arithmetic circuit lower bounds. In a surprising result, Alman and Williams (FOCS'19) showed that the (real valued) Hadamard matrix, which was conjectured to be rigid, is actually not very rigid. This line of work was extended by Dvir and Edelman (\emph{Theory of Computing}, 2019) to a family of matrices related to the Hadamard matrix, but over finite fields. In our work, we take another step in this direction and show that for any abelian group $G$ and function $f:G ightarrow \mathbb{C}$, the matrix given by $M_{xy} = f(x - y)$ for $x,y \in G$ is not rigid. In particular, we get that complex valued Fourier matrices, circulant matrices, and Toeplitz matrices are all not rigid and cannot be used to carry out Valiant's approach to proving circuit lower bounds. Our results also hold when we consider matrices over a fixed finite field instead of the complex numbers. This complements a recent result of Goldreich and Tal (\emph{Comp. Complexity}, 2018) who showed that Toeplitz matrices are nontrivially rigid (but not enough for Valiant's method). Our work differs from previous non-rigidity results in that those works considered matrices whose underlying group of symmetries was of the form $\mathbb{F}_p^n$ with $p$ fixed and $n$ tending to infinity, while in the families of matrices we study, the underlying group of symmetries can be any abelian group and, in particular, the cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}_N$, which has very different structure. Our results also suggest natural new candidates for rigidity in the form of matrices whose symmetry groups are highly non-abelian.
研究动机与目标
- 为解决长期存在的猜想:即傅里叶矩阵和循环矩阵是刚性的,这将通过瓦利安特的方法实现新的算术电路下界。
- 将先前仅限于 $\mathbb{Z}_p^n$-对称矩阵的非刚性结果推广至任意阿贝尔群,包括循环群 $\mathbb{Z}_N$。
- 探究 $G$-循环矩阵中非阿贝尔群对称性是否可能产生刚性矩阵,从而为电路下界提供新候选。
- 在 $\gcd(|G|,q)=1$ 条件下分析有限域上的刚性,将复数矩阵的结果推广至计算复杂性理论相关的代数结构。
- 识别阿贝尔对称矩阵在基于刚性的复杂性理论中的结构性限制,并指向非阿贝尔群作为潜在刚性来源。
提出的方法
- 通过 $M_{xy} = f(x - y)$ 定义 $G$-循环矩阵,其中 $f: G \to \mathbb{C}$,$G$ 为任意有限阿贝尔群。
- 利用群代数分解和阿贝尔群上的傅里叶分析,通过傅里叶变换对 $G$-循环矩阵进行对角化。
- 应用伽罗瓦理论和有限域结构结果,分析当 $\gcd(|G|,q)=1$ 时,$G$-循环矩阵在 $\mathbb{F}_q$ 上的可约性。
- 建立 $G$-循环矩阵的 $(r,s)$-可约性,其中 $r = |G| / \exp(\epsilon^8 (\log |G|)^{0.32})$ 且 $s = |G|^{19\epsilon}$,从而证明其非刚性。
- 利用 $G$ 作为循环群的乘积的结构,并通过递归分解来界定降低秩所需的元素数量。
- 通过将它们约化为 $G$-循环形式,证明 DFT 矩阵和广义 Walsh–Hadamard 矩阵也是非刚性的。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1对于任意阿贝尔群 $G$,$G$-循环矩阵在 $\mathbb{C}$ 或 $\mathbb{F}_q$ 上是否为刚性?
- RQ2在 $\mathbb{Q}$ 或分圆域上,$G$-循环矩阵是否为瓦利安特刚性?
- RQ3当 $\gcd(|G|,q) > 1$ 时,$G$-循环矩阵在有限域上是否仍保持非刚性?
- RQ4非阿贝尔群如 $SL_2(\mathbb{F}_p)$ 是否可能在 $\mathbb{C}$ 上产生刚性 $G$-循环矩阵?
- RQ5在矩阵刚性中,阿贝尔群与非阿贝尔群对称性之间是否存在结构性差异?
主要发现
- 对于任意有限阿贝尔群 $G$,所有 $G$-循环矩阵在 $\mathbb{C}$ 上均非刚性,因为仅通过改变 $|G|^{100\epsilon}$ 个元素即可将其秩显著降低。
- 对于任意 $\epsilon > 0$,$G$-循环矩阵的刚性满足 $\textsf{r}_M^{\mathbb{C}}\left(\frac{|G|}{\exp(\epsilon^{20}(\log|G|)^{0.3})}\right) \leq |G|^{100\epsilon}$,从而证明其非刚性。
- DFT 矩阵和广义 Walsh–Hadamard 矩阵在 $\mathbb{C}$ 上也非刚性,即使在可分解尺寸下亦然,原因在于其 $G$-循环结构。
- 在 $\mathbb{C}$ 或有限域上的循环矩阵和托普利茨矩阵,其刚性不足以支持瓦利安特的电路下界方法。
- 在 $\gcd(|G|,q)=1$ 条件下的有限域 $\mathbb{F}_q$ 上,$G$-循环矩阵同样非刚性,且通过改变元素可实现类似秩降低的界。
- 结果表明,高度非阿贝尔群如 $SL_2(\mathbb{F}_p)$ 可能产生刚性 $G$-循环矩阵,作者提出一个猜想:在 $SL_2(\mathbb{F}_p}$ 上,随机 $\{0,1\}$-取值的 $G$-循环矩阵以高概率为瓦利安特刚性。
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