[论文解读] From Multi-sig to DLCs: Modern Oracle Designs on Bitcoin

Giulio Caldarelli|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 10, 2026

Blockchain Technology Applications and Security被引用 0

一句话总结

本论文回顾2015年之后的比特币预言机设计，显示从多签式共签人向证据化 DLCs 的转变，并包含实际实现及学术界覆盖有限的情况。

ABSTRACT

Unlike Ethereum, which was conceived as a general-purpose smart-contract platform, Bitcoin was designed primarily as a transaction ledger for its native currency, which limits programmability for conditional applications. This constraint is particularly evident when considering oracles, mechanisms that enable Bitcoin contracts to depend on exogenous events. This paper investigates whether new oracle designs have emerged for Bitcoin Layer 1 since the 2015 transition to the Ethereum smart contracts era and whether subsequent Bitcoin improvement proposals have expanded oracles' implementability. Using Scopus and Web of Science searches, complemented by Google Scholar to capture protocol proposals, we observe that the indexed academic coverage remains limited, and many contributions circulate outside journal venues. Within the retrieved corpus, the main post-2015 shift is from multisig-style, which envisioned oracles as co-signers, toward attestation-based designs, mainly represented by Discreet Log Contracts (DLCs), which show stronger Bitcoin community compliance, tool support, and evidence of practical implementations in real-world scenarios such as betting and prediction-market mechanisms.

研究动机与目标

• 评估自以太坊时代与2015年过渡以来，比特币预言机的演变路径。
• 评估新的比特币 Layer 1 提案是否扩展了预言机的可实现性。
• 调研自2015年以来的学术界与灰色文献中的比特币预言机设计。

提出的方法

• 使用 Scopus 和 Web of Science 进行系统性文献检索。
• 通过 Google Scholar 进行对协议提案的补充检索。
• 按体系结构风格对设计进行分类（多签 vs 基于证据的设计）。
• 识别在现实世界用例中的实际实现证据。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 2015年后，比特币上主导的预言机设计范式是什么？
• RQ2 提案与以提案驱动的提案是否扩展了比特币上预言机的可实现性？
• RQ3 是否有比特币预言机的现实部署证据，及覆盖领域（如博彩、预测市场）？

主要发现

• 2015年后，预言机从多签风格向基于证据的设计转变。
• 离散对数合约（DLCs）成为主要的基于证据的设计。
• DLCs 展现出更强的社区合规性、工具支持和实际的现实世界部署。
• 在博彩和预测市场机制中存在实现的证据。
• 关于比特币预言机的学术覆盖仍然有限且分散，超出期刊之外。