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[论文解读] From Stoop to Squat: A comprehensive analysis of lumbar loading among different lifting styles

Michael von Arx, Melanie Liechti|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 1, 2021
Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation参考文献 43被引用 67
一句话总结

本研究采用基于受试者特异性运动捕捉的骨骼肌模型,比较了30名健康个体在自由式、深蹲式和俯身式提举过程中腰椎的负荷情况。与深蹲式或自由式提举相比,俯身式提举显著降低了腰椎的压缩负荷(−0.3至−1.0 BW)和总负荷(−0.3至−1.0 BW),尽管在上腰椎节段剪切负荷更高;提举速度和腰椎后凸范围也显著影响负荷模式。

ABSTRACT

Lifting up objects from the floor has been identified as a risk factor for low back pain, whereby a flexed spine during lifting is often associated with producing higher loads in the lumbar spine. Even though recent biomechanical studies challenge these assumptions, conclusive evidence is still lacking. This study therefore aimed at comparing lumbar loads among different lifting styles using a comprehensive state-of-the-art motion capture-driven musculoskeletal modeling approach. Thirty healthy pain-free individuals were enrolled in this study and asked to repetitively lift a 15 kg-box by applying 1) a freestyle, 2) a squat and 3) a stoop lifting technique. Whole-body kinematics were recorded using an optical motion capture system and used to drive a full-body musculoskeletal model including a detailed thoracolumbar spine. Compressive, shear and total loads were calculated based on a static optimization approach and expressed as factor body weight (BW). In addition, lumbar lordosis angles and total lifting time were calculated. All parameters were compared among the lifting styles using a repeated measures design. For all lumbar segments, stoop lifting showed significantly lower compressive and total loads (-0.3 to -1.0BW) when compared to freestyle and squat lifting. Stoop lifting produced higher shear loads (+0.1 to +0.8BW) in the segments T12/L1 to L4/L5, but lower loads in L5/S1 (-0.2 to -0.4BW). Peak compressive and total loads during squat lifting occurred approximately 30% earlier in the lifting cycle compared to stoop lifting. Stoop lifting showed larger lumbar lordosis range of motion (35.9+/-10.1{\deg}) than freestyle (24.2+/-7.3{\deg}) and squat (25.1+/-8.2{\deg}) lifting. Lifting time differed significantly with freestyle being executed the fastest (4.6+/-0.7s), followed by squat (4.9+/-0.7s) and stoop (5.9+/-1.1s).

研究动机与目标

  • 调查不同提举方式(自由式、深蹲式、俯身式)是否在健康个体中产生显著不同的腰椎脊柱负荷。
  • 考察提举速度和腰椎后凸范围对物体提举过程中脊柱负荷的影响。
  • 通过连续、时间解析的数据定量比较各方式的负荷,挑战将深蹲式提举视为最安全技术的常规建议。
  • 评估普遍认为屈曲脊柱会增加损伤风险的观点是否在受控条件下得到生物力学证据的支持。
  • 为重新评估当前提举指南提供循证依据,特别是针对单次重复、中等重量的任务。

提出的方法

  • 采用16台光学运动捕捉系统记录重复提举任务中的全身运动学数据。
  • 基于皮肤标记数据获取的体表轮廓,使用受试者特异性的骨骼肌模型,构建包含完整胸腰段脊柱的刚性连接模型。
  • 应用静态优化方法,计算压缩力、前后剪切力及总脊柱负荷的连续时间序列数据。
  • 将所有负荷表示为体重(BW)的倍数,以实现受试者间的标准化与比较。
  • 利用统计参数映射(SPM)分析时间上的连续负荷数据,识别不同提举方式之间的统计显著差异。
  • 测量腰椎后凸角度和总提举持续时间,以解释负荷模式并评估运动策略差异。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在单次重复中,自由式、深蹲式和俯身式提举方式在压缩力、剪切力和总脊柱负荷方面有何差异?
  • RQ2每种提举方式的负荷峰值出现在提举周期的哪个时间点,这与负荷大小有何关联?
  • RQ3提举速度(持续时间)如何影响腰椎脊柱负荷的大小和时间模式?
  • RQ4不同提举方式下腰椎后凸范围的差异程度如何,其与负荷分布的关系是什么?
  • RQ5是否存在节段特异性负荷模式差异(例如T12/L1与L5/S1),若有,其成因是什么?

主要发现

  • 与自由式和深蹲式提举相比,俯身式提举在所有腰椎节段均显著降低了压缩负荷(−0.3至−1.0 BW)和总负荷(−0.3至−1.0 BW)。
  • 俯身式提举在上腰椎(T12/L1至L4/L5)导致更高的前后剪切负荷(+0.1至+0.8 BW),但在L5/S1节段的剪切负荷(−0.2至−0.4 BW)低于深蹲式提举。
  • 与俯身式提举相比,深蹲式提举的峰值压缩力和总负荷在提举周期中约提前30%出现,表明高负荷的出现更早。
  • 提举持续时间存在显著差异:自由式(4.6±0.7秒)最快,深蹲式(4.9±0.7秒)次之,俯身式(5.9±1.1秒)最慢,提示速度可能影响负荷大小。
  • 腰椎后凸范围在俯身式提举中最大(35.9±10.1°),其次为自由式(24.2±7.3°)和深蹲式(25.1±8.2°),表明尽管有保持中立脊柱的指示,俯身式仍伴随更大的屈曲。
  • 脊柱负荷在腰椎尾侧逐渐增加,且不同提举方式之间的差异在上腰椎节段最为显著。

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