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[论文解读] Gamma-Ray Burst - Supernova Relation

B. Paczyński|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 2, 1999
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae被引用 5
一句话总结

本文提出长时标伽马射线暴(GRBs)与核心坍缩超新星之间存在物理关联,认为GRBs源于可能具有方向性束射的超相对论喷流。对GRB 970508的分析表明,伽马射线的能量释放接近总爆发能量,这挑战了内部激波模型,并暗示GRBs的能量远低于普通超新星,因此它们不太可能是高能超新星遗迹的来源。

ABSTRACT

There is growing evidence that long and hard gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), discovered at redshifts between 0.4 and 3.4, are related to some type of supernova (SN) explosions. The GRB ejecta are ultra-relativistic, and possibly beamed. There is a possibility that some SN ejecta are also beamed and/or relativistic. Prospects for farther advances guided by expected and unexpected observational developments are very good. The prospects for developing a sound and quantitative GRB theory any time soon are rather modest, if histories of quasars, radio pulsars and supernovae are used for reference. However, the current progress in the understanding of GRB afterglows (which are relativistic) and remnants (which are non-relativistic) is likely to continue, as these appear to be simpler than the GRBs. According to the current analysis of GRB 970508 the energy of gamma rays released by this event was about the same as the total energy of explosion. If correct, this result is difficult to reconcile with the internal shock models. It also implies that the global energy generation rate by GRBs is four orders of magnitude lower than the rate due to ordinary supernovae, which makes it very unlikely that the highly energetic supernova remnants were created by GRBs.

研究动机与目标

  • 研究长时标、硬谱伽马射线暴(GRBs)与核心坍缩超新星之间的物理联系。
  • 评估GRBs的能量预算相对于普通超新星的水平,判断GRBs是否可能驱动高能超新星遗迹。
  • 利用观测数据评估内部激波模型在解释GRB能量输出方面的可行性。
  • 探讨未来理论与观测进展在理解GRB余晖与遗迹方面的前景。
  • 确定GRB喷流是否为相对论性且可能具有束射特性,类似于超新星喷流。

提出的方法

  • 分析GRBs的余晖与遗迹阶段,重点关注相对论性与非相对论性动力学。
  • 利用GRB 970508的数据估算伽马射线释放的总能量。
  • 将伽马射线能量输出与总爆发能量进行比较,以检验内部激波模型。
  • 应用类星体、脉冲星与超新星的标度律,评估发展定量GRB理论的可行性。
  • 评估束射或相对论性超新星喷流作为GRB产生机制的可能性。
  • 依赖红移(0.4–3.4)与能量测量的观测约束,推断GRB的能量输出。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1长时标伽马射线暴与超新星爆发之间是否存在物理关联?
  • RQ2有多少比例的总爆发能量以伽马射线形式释放?这与内部激波模型的预测相比如何?
  • RQ3GRB 970508的观测伽马射线能量输出能否与内部激波模型相容?
  • RQ4GRBs的总能量生成速率与普通超新星相比如何?
  • RQ5GRB喷流是否为相对论性且可能具有束射特性?这是否能解释其高能输出?

主要发现

  • GRB 970508释放的伽马射线能量约等于总爆发能量,表明能量几乎完全转化为伽马射线。
  • 该结果与内部激波模型的预测相矛盾,后者通常预期仅有部分能量以伽马射线形式辐射。
  • GRBs的总能量生成速率估计比普通超新星低四个数量级。
  • 如此低的能量速率使得GRBs极不可能是高能超新星遗迹的成因。
  • GRB余晖与遗迹分别属于相对论性与非相对论性系统,其物理机制比瞬时GRB爆发更简单,因而未来理论研究前景更佳。
  • 仍存在可能性:部分超新星喷流也可能具有束射或相对论性特征,可能与GRB机制相关联。

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