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[论文解读] Gate Optimization via Efficient Two-Qubit Benchmarking for NV Centers in Diamond

Alessandro Marcomini, Philipp J. Vetter|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 9, 2026
Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research被引用 0
一句话总结

该论文提出了一种高效的闭环基准测试协议,通过只制备两种态并进行四次测量来优化 NV 中心中的两量子比特门,显著降低量子态层析的开销,并以 NV–13C 自旋为例进行演示。

ABSTRACT

High-fidelity gate implementation requires sophisticated control pulses that steer the quantum system to undergo the desired transformation. Quantum Optimal Control allows to derive these control pulses in an open-loop fashion based on numerical simulations. However, their precision can be limited by incomplete knowledge of the system. Closed-loop optimization overcomes this limitation by incorporating feedback from measurements, provided a suitable and efficient measure of the gate performance can be defined. In this article, we present an efficient method to evaluate the performance of a two-qubit gate by preparation and measurement of only two quantum states, enabling experimental closed-loop optimization with a metric previously believed to be limited to open-loop control. We tailor the approach to nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and, through numerical simulations, demonstrate how the method can optimize a two-qubit gate while reducing the number of required measurements by two orders of magnitude compared to standard process tomography under realistic experimental settings.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过闭环优化来推动脆弱量子系统的高保真门控。
  • 开发一个最小态基准测试协议以评估两量子比特门的性能。
  • 将基准测试方法定制为与 13C 核自旋耦合的 NV 中心。
  • 通过仿真显示闭环标定如何处理参数不确定性。
  • 量化相对于标准过程层析的测量效率提升。

提出的方法

  • 使用 CnNOTe 风格的双量子比特门目标,通过微波控制在 NV 电子自旋上实现.
  • 在开放环和闭环模式下采用 dressed Chopped Random Basis (dCRAB) 量子最优控制框架。
  • 基于三个探针态来定义门性能指标 F_J,以避免完整的过程层析。
  • 展示如何对混合态 rho_1 的相位调谐制备进行平均,从而高效评估 F_J。
  • 用包络 g(t) 对微波控制进行参数化,并用 dCRAB 展开 f(t),在 QuOCS 中采用 Nelder-Mead 进行优化。
  • 将 NV–13C 系统在分恰当近似下的哈密顿量 H_d 和 H_hf 纳入,考虑驱动振幅的实验约束。
Figure 1: System level scheme . An NV center in the diamond lattice is coupled to a nearby 13 C spin, with the magnetic field aligned along the defect’s symmetry axis (structure in the inset). The two Zeeman levels $m_{s}=0$ and $m_{s}=-1$ on the electron and the two nuclear spin states $m_{I}=1/2$
Figure 1: System level scheme . An NV center in the diamond lattice is coupled to a nearby 13 C spin, with the magnetic field aligned along the defect’s symmetry axis (structure in the inset). The two Zeeman levels $m_{s}=0$ and $m_{s}=-1$ on the electron and the two nuclear spin states $m_{I}=1/2$

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1两态制备和四次测量的基准测试协议是否能够可靠地基准并优化 NV 中心的两量子比特门?
  • RQ2相对于标准过程层析,在保持门保真度优化的前提下,测量开销可以减少多少?
  • RQ3使用所提 F_J 指标的闭环标定是否能够将开放环优化的脉冲在参数不确定的现实 NV–13C 系统中自适应?
  • RQ4在 NV 基于的两量子比特门中,提取 F_J 时的实际 SPAM 考量与读出策略有哪些?

主要发现

  • 基于两种制备态和四次测量的高效基准测试协议能够实现两量子比特门的实验闭环优化。
  • 开放环优化实现目标门的保真度 F_sm 为 99.97%。
  • rho_1 探针态的制备在对角线分量的保真度达到 99.9993%。
  • rho_2 的制备在理想 rho_2 下的保真度为 99.93%。
  • 读出策略为 F_J 评估相关对角分量提供了高对比度测量(C = 99.96%)。
  • 跨越 twenty 个样本 NV–13C 系统的闭环自适应相对于开放环解提高了性能,体现了对参数不确定性的鲁棒性。
Figure 2: Full pulse sequences for (a) state preparation and (b) optical readout. We illustrate the full pulse sequences to experimentally compute ${F}_{\text{J}}$ . Green pulses represent the initialization/readout action induced by a laser, while blue pulses are required to prepare correctly the p
Figure 2: Full pulse sequences for (a) state preparation and (b) optical readout. We illustrate the full pulse sequences to experimentally compute ${F}_{\text{J}}$ . Green pulses represent the initialization/readout action induced by a laser, while blue pulses are required to prepare correctly the p

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