[论文解读] General Rules for the Impact of Energetic Disorder and Mobility on Nongeminate Recombination in Phase-Separated Organic Solar Cells
本研究利用动力学蒙特卡洛模拟揭示,在相分离的有机太阳能电池中,非Gemini复合(NGR)受自由电荷相遇与电荷转移(CT)态再分裂之间竞争的调控。关键发现是,在再分裂主导的区域,复合系数 𝑘₂ 与迁移率和能级无序无关,仅取决于形貌、CT 能量和 CT 衰减动力学——这为突破朗之万极限抑制复合提供了新路径。
State of the art organic solar cells exhibit power conversion efficiencies of 18 % and above. These devices benefit from the suppression of free charge recombination with regard to the Langevin-limit of charge encounter in a homogeneous medium. It has been recognized that the main cause of suppressed free charge recombination is the reformation and resplitting of charge transfer states at the interface between donor and acceptor domains. Here, we use kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to understand the interplay between free charge motion and recombination in an energetically-disordered phase-separated donor-acceptor blend. We identify conditions for encounter-dominated and resplitting-dominated recombination. In the former regime, recombination is proportional to mobility for all parameters tested and only slightly reduced with respect to the Langevin limit. In contrast, mobility is not the decisive parameter determining the non-geminate recombination coefficient k_2in the latter case where k_2 is a sole function of the morphology, CT and CS energetics and CT states decay properties. Our simulations also show that free charge encounter in the phase-separated disordered blend is determined by the average mobility of all carriers, while CT reformation and resplitting involves mostly states near the transport energy. Therefore, charge encounter is more affected by increased disorder than the resplitting of the CT state. As a consequence, for a given mobility, larger energetic disorder in combination with a higher hopping rate is preferred. These findings have important implications for the understanding of suppressed recombination in solar cells with non-fullerene acceptors which are known to exhibit lower energetic disorder than fullerenes.
研究动机与目标
- 理解在相分离的有机太阳能电池中,能级无序、载流子迁移率与非Gemini复合(NGR)之间的相互作用。
- 确定 NGR 在何种条件下受相遇限制而非再分裂限制,尤其在现代非富勒烯受体(NFA)体系中的情况。
- 澄清在无序、相分离的混合物中,迁移率或 CT 态动力学是否主导二级复合系数 𝑘₂。
- 通过独立优化能级无序与跳跃速率,识别出最小化 𝑘₂ 的设计规则。
提出的方法
- 对无序、相分离的给体-受体混合物中自由电荷的运动与复合进行动力学蒙特卡洛(kMC)模拟。
- 系统性地改变跳跃尝试频率 𝜈₀ 和能级无序 𝜎,以探究迁移率与复合的依赖关系。
- 对电荷转移(CT)态的形成、再分裂为自由载流子,以及通过速率常数 𝑘𝑓 衰减至基态的过程进行建模。
- 以朗之万相遇系数 𝑘𝐿 = 𝑞(𝜇ₑ + 𝜇ₕ)/𝜀₀𝜀ᵣ 作为比较基准。
- 模拟瞬态复合动力学直至达到平衡,以评估电荷提取与复合之间的平衡。
- 推导出有效复合系数 𝑘₂(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑓 / (𝑘𝑓 + 𝑐𝜈₀𝛾ₑₙ꜀𝑘𝐿(𝑡)),其中 𝛾ₑₙ꜀ 反映了相遇速率对迁移率和无序的依赖性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1能级无序如何影响相分离有机太阳能电池中自由电荷相遇与 CT 态再分裂之间的平衡?
- RQ2在何种条件下,NGR 由 CT 态再分裂主导而非自由电荷相遇?
- RQ3在再分裂主导的区域,二级复合系数 𝑘₂ 对载流子迁移率的依赖程度如何?
- RQ4平均迁移率与迁移能如何影响无序混合物中的复合动力学?
- RQ5能否通过从相遇限制向再分裂主导的复合转变,来解释高效有机太阳能电池中 NGR 的抑制?
主要发现
- 在相遇主导区域,𝑘₂ 与迁移率成正比,且无论能级无序如何,仅比朗之万极限降低最多 50%。
- 在再分裂主导区域,𝑘₂ 与迁移率和跳跃尝试频率 𝜈₀ 均无关,仅取决于形貌、CT 能量和 CT 衰减特性。
- 对于给定的迁移率,增加能级无序(𝜎)会显著抑制 𝑘₂,因为电荷相遇对无序更敏感,而 CT 再分裂则相对不敏感。
- 在高无序与高跳跃速率条件下,复合抑制因子可低至 10⁻³,与富勒烯基混合物的实验观测一致。
- CT 态形成涉及两个载流子热激发至迁移能级,使相遇过程比再分裂过程对无序更敏感。
- 通过独立降低 𝑘₂ 并提高迁移率,可使性能指标 𝛼₂ = 𝑞²𝑘₂𝐺𝑑⁴ / (4𝜇ₑ𝜇ₕ(𝑘𝐵𝑇)²) 趋近肖克利区域(𝛼₂ < 1),实现分子与形貌设计的协同优化。
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