[论文解读] Genesis and evolution of dust in galaxies in the early Universe I. Modeling dust evolution in starburst galaxies
本研究利用化学演化框架,模拟了高红移星暴星系中的尘埃演化,追踪了核心塌缩超新星(SNe)和渐近巨星支(AGB)恒星产生的尘埃,以及超新星激波引起的尘埃破坏。研究发现,要使尘埃质量在400 Myr内超过10⁸ M☉,需具备顶重的初始质量函数(IMF)、高超新星尘埃产量和适中的尘埃破坏率,且超新星在早期主导了尘埃富集过程。
We have developed a numerical galactic chemical evolution model. The model is constructed such that the effect of a wide range of parameters can be investigated. It takes into account results from stellar evolution models, a differentiation between diverse types of core collapse SNe and the contribution of AGB stars in the mass range 3-8 Msun. We consider the lifetime-dependent yield injection into the ISM by all sources as well as dust destruction due to SN shocks in the ISM. We ascertain the temporal progression of the dust mass, the dust-to-gas and dust-to-metal mass ratios as well as other physical properties of a galaxy and study their dependence on the mass of the galaxy, the IMF, dust production efficiencies and dust destruction in the ISM. The amount of dust and the physical properties of a galaxy strongly depend on the initial gas mass available. Overall, while the total amount of dust produced increases with galaxy mass, the detailed outcome depends on the SN dust production efficiency, the IMF and the strength of dust destruction in the ISM. Dust masses are higher for IMFs biased towards higher stellar masses, despite the fact that these IMFs are more strongly affected by dust destruction in the ISM. The sensitivity to the IMF increases as the mass of the galaxy decreases. SNe are primarily responsible for a significant enrichment with dust at early epochs (< 200 Myr). Dust production with a dominant contribution by AGB stars is found to be insufficient to account for dust masses in excess of 10^8 Msun within 400 Myr after starburst. We find that galaxies with initial gas masses between 1-5 x 10^11 Msun are sufficiently massive to enable production of dust masses >10^8 Msun. Our preferred scenario is dominated by SN dust production in combination with top-heavy IMFs and moderate dust destruction in the ISM.
研究动机与目标
- 确定使高红移星暴星系中尘埃快速生成的天体物理条件。
- 评估超新星和AGB恒星在恒星形成后1 Gyr内对尘埃质量累积的相对贡献。
- 研究初始质量函数(IMF)、尘埃破坏和星系质量对尘埃质量和尘气比的影响。
- 评估超大质量黑洞(SMBH)增长对早期星系中尘埃含量的影响。
- 识别能重现红移z > 6星系中观测到的>10⁸ M☉尘埃质量的参数空间(IMF、产量、破坏率)。
提出的方法
- 采用数值化学演化模型,追踪超新星和AGB恒星随时间向星际介质(ISM)注入尘埃和金属的过程。
- 模型为不同类型的核塌缩超新星以及3–8 M☉质量范围内的AGB恒星设定了独立的产量。
- 通过超新星激波模型模拟尘埃破坏,参数化为每颗超新星遗迹所扫过的ISM质量M_cl。
- 通过改变初始质量函数(IMF)为Salpeter型、质量集中型、顶重型和Larson型,评估IMF的敏感性。
- 星系初始气体质量范围为5×10¹⁰至1.3×10¹² M☉,以检验质量依赖性。
- 在部分模型中引入SMBH增长,其质量吸积会减少可用气体,并可能影响尘埃质量。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1超新星在400 Myr内产生>10⁸ M☉尘埃所需的初始质量函数和尘埃生成效率为何?
- RQ2超新星激波引起的尘埃破坏如何影响高红移星系中的最终尘埃质量?
- RQ3AGB恒星能否单独解释早期高红移星系中的观测尘埃质量?
- RQ4星系的初始气体质量如何影响其尘埃质量演化?
- RQ5SMBH增长对大质量星暴星系中尘埃含量有何影响?
主要发现
- 初始气体质量在1–5×10¹¹ M☉之间的星系,其质量足够在400 Myr内产生超过10⁸ M☉的尘埃质量。
- 尽管对超新星激波破坏更敏感,顶重初始质量函数仍能最大化尘埃生成,尤其在高超新星尘埃产量条件下。
- 在前200 Myr内,超新星是尘埃富集的主要来源,高超新星效率可使尘埃质量达到10⁸ M☉。
- 除非尘埃破坏可忽略且超新星效率较低,否则AGB恒星无法在400 Myr内单独产生>10⁸ M☉的尘埃质量。
- 通过超新星激波引起的尘埃破坏会显著降低总尘埃质量,尤其在顶重初始质量函数情景下,因超新星速率更高,破坏效应最强。
- SMBH增长最多使尘埃质量减少约50%,但仅在初始质量函数偏向低质量恒星的低质量星系中出现;在大质量系统或顶重初始质量函数下无显著影响。
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