[论文解读] Genomic Sequence Diversity and Population Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Assessed by RAD-seq
本研究利用RAD-seq技术分析了262株全球分布的*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*菌株的基因组多样性与种群结构,揭示了以地理区域划分的主要遗传分化——欧洲、北美、亚洲以及非洲/东南亚种群——并识别出可可、橄榄和清酒发酵中特有的谱系。研究结果表明,实验室菌株仅捕获了全球遗传多样性的25%,支持一种先经历地理分化、后经人类介导的种群混合的模型,主要发生在欧洲与亚洲菌株之间。
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for human food production and as a model organism for biological research. The genetic diversity contained in the global population of yeast strains represents a valuable resource for a number of fields, including genetics, bioengineering, and studies of evolution and population structure. Here, we apply a multiplexed, reduced genome sequencing strategy (known as RAD-seq) to genotype a large collection of S. cerevisiae strains, isolated from a wide range of geographical locations and environmental niches. The method permits the sequencing of the same 1% of all genomes, producing a multiple sequence alignment of 116,880 bases across 262 strains. We find diversity among these strains is principally organized by geography, with European, North American, Asian and African/S. E. Asian populations defining the major axes of genetic variation. At a finer scale, small groups of strains from cacao, olives and sake are defined by unique variants not present in other strains. One population, containing strains from a variety of fermentations, exhibits high levels of heterozygosity and mixtures of alleles from European and Asian populations, indicating an admixed origin for this group. In the context of this global diversity, we demonstrate that a collection of seven strains commonly used in the laboratory encompasses only one quarter of the genetic diversity present in the full collection of strains, underscoring the relatively limited genetic diversity captured by the current set of lab strains. We propose a model of geographic differentiation followed by human-associated admixture, primarily between European and Asian populations and more recently between European and North American populations. The large collection of genotyped yeast strains characterized here will provide a useful resource for the broad community of yeast researchers.
研究动机与目标
- 对全球多样化的菌株集合中*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*的基因组序列多样性与种群结构进行表征。
- 评估常用实验室菌株所捕获的遗传多样性程度。
- 探讨人类活动通过种群混合在塑造酵母种群结构中的作用。
- 识别与特定环境生态位(如可可、橄榄和清酒发酵)相关的谱系特异性变异。
提出的方法
- 采用多重并行RAD-seq技术,对262株* S. cerevisiae*菌株的基因组中1%的代表性区域进行测序。
- 基于所有菌株的RAD-seq位点生成包含116,880个碱基的多序列比对。
- 运用群体遗传学分析推断地理与生态群体之间的种群结构与遗传分化。
- 应用主成分分析与系统发育重建,可视化遗传变异的主要轴线与谱系关系。
- 将实验室菌株的遗传多样性与全球菌株集合进行比较,量化其代表性。
- 基于等位基因频率与杂合度模式,提出一种先经历地理分化、后发生与人类活动相关的种群混合事件的模型。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*的基因组多样性在全球地理区域与环境生态位中如何分布?
- RQ2常用实验室菌株在多大程度上代表了* S. cerevisiae*物种的全部遗传多样性?
- RQ3在特定酵母种群中,特别是与发酵相关的谱系,有哪些证据支持人类介导的种群混合?
- RQ4是否存在与特定生态起源(如可可、橄榄或清酒发酵)相关的独特遗传变异?
- RQ5全球分布的* S. cerevisiae*菌株的群体遗传结构如何?其结构如何反映历史迁徙与适应过程?
主要发现
- *S. cerevisiae*的遗传变异主要由地理因素决定,形成了与欧洲、北美、亚洲以及非洲/东南亚种群相对应的明确聚类。
- 来自可可、橄榄和清酒发酵的菌株形成了具有独特遗传变异的独立谱系,这些变异在其他种群中未见。
- 一种与发酵相关的种群表现出高杂合度,并含有来自欧洲与亚洲谱系的混合等位基因,表明其具有杂交起源。
- 七个常用实验室菌株仅捕获了全球菌株集合中约25%的总遗传多样性。
- 数据支持一种先经历地理分化、后发生人类驱动的种群混合的模型,尤其体现在欧洲与亚洲种群之间,以及更近期内欧洲与北美种群之间的混合。
- 本研究构建的262株菌株的大规模、高基因分型菌株集合,为未来酵母遗传学、进化研究与生物技术应用提供了全面的参考资源。
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