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[论文解读] Graph connectivity in log-diameter steps using label propagation.

Paul Burkhardt|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 20, 2018
Distributed systems and fault tolerance被引用 5
一句话总结

本文提出了一种确定性的标签传播框架,在PRAM、Stream和MapReduce模型中,无需指针追踪即可在O(log D)步内实现图连通性。这是首个在效率上匹配最快PRAM算法的同时,仍保持简单、可扩展,并适用于分布式和流式系统的算法。

ABSTRACT

The fastest deterministic algorithms for connected components take logarithmic time and perform superlinear work on a PRAM. These algorithms require pointer-chasing operations and are limited to shared-memory systems. Another popular method is `leader contraction' where non-leader vertices are contracted to adjacent leaders. The challenge is to select a constant fraction of leaders that are adjacent to a constant fraction of non-leaders with high probability. Instead we investigate whether simple label propagation can be as efficient as the fastest known algorithms for graph connectivity. Label propagation exchanges representative labels within a component. This is attractive for other models because it is deterministic and does not rely on pointer-chasing, but it is inherently difficult to complete in a sublinear number of steps. We are able to solve the problems with label propagation for graph connectivity. We introduce a simple framework for deterministic graph connectivity in log-diameter steps using label propagation that is easily translated to other computational models. We present new algorithms in PRAM, Stream, and MapReduce. Given a simple, undirected graph $G=(V,E)$ with $n=|V|$ vertices, $m=|E|$ edges, and $D$ diameter, all our algorithms complete in $O(\log D)$ steps without pointer operations. We give the first label propagation algorithms that are competitive with the fastest PRAM algorithms, achieving $O(\log D)$ time and $O((m+n)\log D)$ work with $O(m+n)$ processors. Our main contribution is in Stream and MapReduce models. We give an efficient Stream-Sort algorithm that takes $O(\log D)$ passes and $O(\log n)$ memory, and a MapReduce algorithm taking $O(\log D)$ rounds and $O((m+n)\log D)$ communication overall. These are the first $O(\log D)$-step graph connectivity algorithms in Stream and MapReduce models that are also deterministic and simple to implement.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种确定性的、无指针追踪的替代方案,以取代现有依赖复杂指针追踪操作的PRAM图连通性算法。
  • 通过引入一种新颖的高效标签收敛框架,克服标签传播在亚线性步数内完成的固有困难。
  • 在流式和分布式模型(Stream和MapReduce)中实现高效的图连通性计算,而此前的确定性解决方案要么速度慢,要么过于复杂。
  • 在保持与最快已知PRAM算法相当的工作效率的同时,维持算法在不同模型间的简洁性和可移植性。

提出的方法

  • 提出一种标签传播框架,以确定性方式在连通分量内交换分量代表标签。
  • 采用分层标签策略,确保领导者能在O(log D)步内高效传播标签至整个分量。
  • 设计一种Stream-Sort算法,通过多轮处理边,每处理器仅使用O(log n)内存,并在O(log D)轮内完成。
  • 开发一种MapReduce算法,执行O(log D)轮,总通信量为O((m+n)log D),利用标签传播合并分量。
  • 通过依赖本地标签交换和通过标签一致实现的分量收缩,消除指针追踪。
  • 通过保证任意直径为D的图中,标签均能在O(log D)步内收敛至代表值,确保正确性和终止性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1标签传播能否被优化到足够高效,以匹配目前已知最快PRAM算法在图连通性上的性能?
  • RQ2能否设计一种确定性的标签传播算法,在不使用指针追踪操作的前提下,于O(log D)步内完成?
  • RQ3该标签传播框架能否被高效适配至流式和MapReduce模型,同时将内存和通信量降至最低?
  • RQ4在分布式和流式环境中,标签传播实现正确连通性所需的最少轮数或通过次数是多少?
  • RQ5如何使标签传播在保持理论效率的同时,实现不同计算模型间的简洁性和可扩展性?

主要发现

  • 所提出的框架在PRAM上实现O(log D)时间复杂度和O((m+n)log D)工作量,使用O(m+n)处理器,与目前已知最优的确定性PRAM算法性能相当。
  • 首次提出一种确定性的O(log D)-轮Stream-Sort算法用于图连通性,每处理器仅使用O(log n)内存。
  • 开发出一种MapReduce算法,可在O(log D)轮内完成,总通信量为O((m+n)log D),是该模型中首个此类确定性算法。
  • 该框架消除了指针追踪操作,使其比以往方法更适用于分布式和流式系统。
  • 所有算法均为确定性,易于实现,且避免使用复杂数据结构或概率性假设。
  • 该方法表明,标签传播既可高效又可扩展,其性能可与多种模型下的最先进算法相媲美。

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