[论文解读] Grids of stellar models with rotation II. WR populations and supernovae/GRB progenitors at Z = 0.014
本研究利用太阳金属丰度(Z = 0.014)下的旋转单星恒星模型新网格,研究沃尔夫-拉叶(WR)星种群及核心坍缩超新星(SN)前身星。结果表明,旋转可增加通过单星通道形成的WR星比例及Ibc型超新星比例,且旋转模型能更好地匹配SN 2008ax的观测结果,以及质量超过~17 M⊙的IIP型超新星前身星缺失的现象。
We used a recent grid of stellar models computed with and without rotation to make predictions concerning the WR populations and the frequency of different types of core-collapse SNe. Current rotating models were checked to provide good fits to the following features: solar luminosity and radius at the solar age, main-sequence width, red-giant and red-supergiant (RSG) positions in the HRD, surface abundances, and rotational velocities. Rotating stellar models predict that about half of the observed WR stars and at least half of the type Ibc SNe may be produced through the single-star evolution channel. Rotation increases the duration of the WNL and WNC phases, while reducing those of the WNE and WC phases, as was already shown in previous works. Rotation increases the frequency of type Ic SNe. The upper mass limit for type II-P SNe is \sim 19.0 MSun for the non rotating models and \sim 16.8 MSun for the rotating ones. Both values agree with observations. Moreover, present rotating models provide a very good fit to the progenitor of SN 2008ax. We discuss future directions of research for further improving the agreement between the models and the observations. We conclude that the mass-loss rates in the WNL and RSG phases are probably underestimated at present. We show that up to an initial mass of 40 M\odot, a surface magnetic field inferior to about 200 G may be sufficient to produce some braking. Much lower values are needed at the red supergiant stage. We suggest that the presence/absence of any magnetic braking effect may play a key role in questions regarding rotation rates of young pulsars and the evolution leading to LGRBs.
研究动机与目标
- 评估旋转在太阳金属丰度下对WR星种群及核心坍缩超新星前身星分布的影响。
- 评估单星演化对观测到的WR星及Ibc型超新星的贡献。
- 研究旋转模型产生激波星(collapsars)及长伽马射线暴(LGRB)前身星的条件。
- 识别模型与观测之间的差异,并评估质量损失率方案及磁制动对演化轨迹的影响。
- 探讨内耦合强度如何影响LGRB形成对金属丰度的依赖性。
提出的方法
- 采用包含与不包含旋转的单星演化模型网格,整合了旋转混合与质量损失效应。
- 通过关键观测约束校准模型:太阳的光度与半径、主序带宽度、赫罗图中红巨星与红超巨星的位置、表面元素丰度及旋转速度。
- 应用更新的WNL相与红超巨星(RSG)相质量损失率,包括Gr"afener & Hamann(2008)的近期方案。
- 追踪演化序列穿越WNL、WNE、WNC与WC相,以确定各相持续时间及种群比例。
- 评估表面磁制动对角动量损失的影响,尤其在RSG与WR相期间。
- 评估内耦合(刚体旋转与非均匀旋转)对LGRB形成金属丰度依赖性的影响。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1旋转单星模型在多大程度上能再现太阳金属丰度下的WR星种群及Ibc型超新星发生率?
- RQ2旋转如何影响大质量恒星在WNL、WNE、WNC与WC相的相对持续时间?
- RQ3在旋转模型中,产生IIP型超新星前身星的初始质量范围为何?与观测结果相比如何?
- RQ4在单星情景下,恒星需满足何种条件才能成为激波星或LGRB前身星?
- RQ5表面磁场与内耦合如何影响大质量恒星的演化及角动量损失?
主要发现
- 旋转模型预测,在太阳金属丰度下,约60%的观测WR星源自单星演化通道。
- 根据模型,至少50%的Ibc型超新星与单星演化通道一致。
- 在旋转模型中,IIP型超新星前身星的上限质量约为16.8 M⊙,而非旋转模型中为~19.0 M⊙,两者均与观测结果良好吻合。
- 旋转模型对SN 2008ax的前身星提供了极佳的拟合,该前身星为低光度、致密的恒星,与大质量WR星一致。
- 模型表明,当前的WNL质量损失率可能被低估,因为这会导致WNL相持续时间被高估,而WNE/WC相持续时间被低估。
- 表面磁场约200 G或更低可能足以在WNL相引发磁制动,而RSG相则需要更低的磁场值,表明磁制动在角动量演化中起关键作用。
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