[论文解读] Happy New Year Homo erectus? More evidence for interbreeding with archaics predating the modern human/Neanderthal split
本文通过系统发育和群体遗传建模,利用基因组证据表明,在现代人类与尼安德特人分化之前,多个原始人科谱系已对现代人类祖先产生贡献。研究发现,丹尼索瓦人和巴布亚人中存在强烈证据支持来自深度分化原始人类群体的基因渗入——可能包括 *Homo erectus*——估计显示丹尼索瓦人基因组约2%源自更古老的原始来源。
A range of a priori hypotheses about the evolution of modern and archaic genomes are further evaluated and tested. In addition to the well-known splits/introgressions involving Neanderthal genes into out-of- Africa people, or Denisovan genes into Oceanians, a further series of archaic splits and hypotheses proposed in Waddell et al. (2011) are considered in detail. These include signals of Denisovans with something markedly more archaic and possibly something more archaic into Papuans as well. These are compared and contrasted with some well-advertised introgressions such as Denisovan genes across East Asia, archaic genes into San or non-tree mixing between Oceanians, East Asians and Europeans. The general result is that these less appreciated and surprising archaic splits have just as much or more support in genome sequence data. Further, evaluation confirms the hypothesis that archaic genes are much rarer on modern X chromosomes, and may even be near totally absent, suggesting strong selection against their introgression. Modeling of relative split weights allows an inference of the proportion of the genome the Denisovan seems to have gotten from an older archaic, and the best estimate is around 2%. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative morphological data and novel phylogenetic methods, robust support is found for multiple distinct middle Pleistocene lineages. Of these, fossil hominids such as SH5, Petralona, and Dali, in particular, look like prime candidates for contributing pre-Neanderthal/Modern archaic genes to Denisovans, while the Jinniu-Shan fossil looks like the best candidate for a close relative of the Denisovan. That the Papuans might have received some truly archaic genes appears a good possibility and they might even be from Homo erectus.
研究动机与目标
- 评估在现代人类/尼安德特人分化之前被低估的原始人类基因渗入事件。
- 检验丹尼索瓦人从更古老原始人类谱系获得遗传物质的假说。
- 评估巴布亚人群是否携带真正古老的DNA,可能源自 *Homo erectus*。
- 建模相对分化权重并估算丹尼索瓦人基因组中源自更古老原始来源的比例。
- 将基因组数据与形态学证据整合,以识别可能为原始基因流动做出贡献的化石智人物种。
提出的方法
- 应用新型系统发育方法,检测人类和原始人类基因组中非树状的谱系关系模式。
- 对相对分化权重进行定量建模,以推断祖先谱系的贡献比例并估算基因渗入比例。
- 比较现代人类群体、尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人以及化石智人(如SH5、Petralona、Dali、Jinniu-Shan)的基因组序列数据。
- 利用化石智人物种的形态学数据,评估其作为原始基因库贡献者的系统发育合理性。
- 分析X染色体模式,以检验对渗入的原始等位基因是否存在选择压力。
- 将定量基因组学与定性形态学评估相结合,以加强谱系推断。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1丹尼索瓦人是否从比尼安德特人更古老的原始人类谱系中获得了遗传贡献?
- RQ2是否存在基因组证据表明巴布亚人群存在真正古老的基因渗入,可能源自 *Homo erectus*?
- RQ3丹尼索瓦人基因组中有多大比例源自更古老、深度分化的原始人类群体?
- RQ4常染色体与X染色体区域的原始人类基因渗入模式有何不同?
- RQ5哪些化石智人最可能是向丹尼索瓦人或巴布亚人贡献尼安德特人分化前原始基因的候选者?
主要发现
- 基因组序列数据为多个在现代人类/尼安德特人分化之前发生的原始人类基因渗入事件提供了强有力支持,其中一些信号的稳健性甚至超过此前已知的尼安德特人或丹尼索瓦人基因渗入事件。
- 基于分化权重建模,丹尼索瓦人基因组很可能约有2%的祖先来自更古老的原始人类谱系。
- 原始基因在现代人类X染色体上显著缺失,表明对渗入的原始等位基因存在强烈的纯合选择压力。
- 如SH5、Petralona和Dali等化石智人,在形态学和基因组上均表现出作为尼安德特人分化前原始基因库贡献者的合理性。
- 金牛山化石被确定为丹尼索瓦人谱系最可能的近亲候选者。
- 巴布亚人群可能携带真正古老的遗传物质,其来源可能为 *Homo erectus* 或密切相关谱系。
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