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[论文解读] HERITAGE: a Monte Carlo code to evaluate the viability of interstellar travels using a multi-generational crew

F. Marin|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 29, 2017
Spaceflight effects on biology被引用 8
一句话总结

HERITAGE 是一种蒙特卡洛模拟代码,通过追踪遗传多样性、生育控制和人口动态来模拟多代星际船员的生存能力。它表明,即使在成功的任务情景下(例如 Moore 2003 年、Smith 2014 年),整合冷冻保存的配子/胚胎库也能显著提升遗传健康,且适应性社会工程在数个世纪的长期任务中对于抵消近亲繁殖和人口失衡至关重要。

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the feasibility of long duration, manned spaceflights, it is of critical importance to consider the selection and survival of multi-generational crews in a confined space. Negative effects, such as infertility, overpopulation and inbreeding, can easily cause the crew to either be wiped out or genetically unhealthy, if the population is not under a strict birth control. In this paper, we present a Monte Carlo code named HERITAGE that simulates the evolution of a kin-based crew. This computer model, the first of its kind, accounts for a large number of free human-based parameters to be investigated proactively in order to ensure a viable mission. We show the reliability of HERITAGE by examining three types of population based on previously published computations. The first is a generic model where no birth/population control has been set up, quickly leading to fatal overcrowding. The second is the model presented by Moore (2003), that succeeds to bring settlers to another Earth under a 200 year-long flight, but the final crew is largely diminished (about a third of the initial crew) and about 20% of them show inbreeding of various levels. The third scenario is the model by Smith (2014) that is more successful in maintaining genetic diversity for the same journey duration. We find that both the Moore and Smith scenario would greatly benefit from coupling a kin-based crew together with a cryogenic bank of sperm/eggs/embryos to ensure a genetically healthy first generation of settlers. We also demonstrate that if initial social engineering constraints are indeed needed to maintain an healthy crew alive for centuries-long journeys, it is necessary to reevaluate those principles after each generation to compensate for unbalanced births and deaths, weighted by the inbreeding coefficient and a need for maximizing genetic diversity.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估多代星际任务中船员长期生存能力。
  • 识别在封闭太空环境中可能导致近亲繁殖、过度人口增长和不孕等人口与遗传风险。
  • 开发一种灵活的模拟工具,以考虑生育控制、亲缘关系和遗传多样性等人类相关参数。
  • 测试冷冻保存的配子/胚胎是否能改善长期太空任务中的遗传健康。
  • 评估适应性社会工程策略在多代人中维持船员稳定性和多样性方面的必要性。

提出的方法

  • HERITAGE 采用随机的蒙特卡洛模拟方法,以追踪基于亲属关系的船员在多代人中的演化。
  • 该模型追踪个体生命事件,包括出生、死亡、婚姻和繁殖,并为每对结合计算亲缘系数和近亲繁殖系数。
  • 模型整合了可调节的参数,如生育控制政策、初始船员规模和性别比例,以模拟各种任务情景。
  • 模拟通过近亲繁殖系数评估遗传多样性,并追踪各代人的人口规模和结构。
  • 通过与已发表模型(Moore 2003 年,Smith 2014 年)的结果对比,验证其可靠性并识别改进机会。
  • 该模型整合了冷冻保存的配子/胚胎库作为缓解策略,以恢复遗传多样性并降低近亲繁殖风险。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1哪些人口与遗传风险会威胁多代星际船员的长期生存?
  • RQ2现有任务情景(例如 Moore 2003 年,Smith 2014 年)在 200 年航程中维持遗传多样性的有效性如何?
  • RQ3冷冻保存的配子/胚胎库在多大程度上能改善最终定居者一代的遗传健康?
  • RQ4在数个世纪的时间尺度上,适应性社会工程在维持平衡出生率和减少近亲繁殖方面有多关键?
  • RQ5初始船员构成和生育控制政策在决定任务成功方面起到什么作用?

主要发现

  • 无控制的通用模型在数代人内即因不受控制的繁殖导致致命的人口过剩。
  • Moore(2003 年)情景导致船员规模减少至初始规模的约三分之一,并且约 20% 的个体出现近亲繁殖。
  • Smith(2014 年)模型在维持遗传多样性方面表现更优,但仍面临近亲繁殖和人口减少的问题。
  • Moore 和 Smith 的情景若整合冷冻保存的精子、卵子或胚胎库,将显著改善最终定居者一代的遗传健康。
  • 适应性社会工程——即在每代人之后重新评估生育和婚姻规则——对于长期抵消人口失衡和减少近亲繁殖至关重要。
  • HERITAGE 代码已被验证为一种可靠的工具,可用于模拟长期载人星际任务,并识别最优的船员管理策略。

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