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[论文解读] High Voltage Test Apparatus for a Neutron EDM Experiment and Lower Limit on the Dielectric Strength of Liquid Helium at Large Volumes

J. Long, J. G. Boissevain|ArXiv.org|Mar 27, 2006
Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics参考文献 3被引用 3
一句话总结

本文提出了一套用于超流氦中冷中子电偶极矩(EDM)实验的高压测试装置,证明普通液氦在200 L杜瓦瓶中7.5 cm间隙下可承受至少90 kV cm⁻¹的电场,漏电流低于170 pA。该研究为超流氦设定了30 kV cm⁻¹的下限,接近目标设计场强50 kV cm⁻¹的60%。

ABSTRACT

A new search for a permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron is underway using ultracold neutrons produced and held in a bath of superfluid helium. Attaining the target sensitivity requires maintaining an electric field of several tens of kilovolts per centimeter across the experimental cell, which is nominally 7.5 cm wide and will contain about 4 liters of superfluid. The electrical properties of liquid helium are expected to be sufficient to meet the design goals, but little is known about these properties for volumes and electrode spacings appropriate to the EDM experiment. Furthermore, direct application of the necessary voltages from an external source to the experimental test cell is impractical. An apparatus to amplify voltages in the liquid helium environment and to test the electrical properties of the liquid for large volumes and electrode spacings has been constructed. The device consists of a large-area parallel plate capacitor immersed in a 200 liter liquid helium dewar. Preliminary results show the breakdown strength of normal state liquid helium is at least 90 kV/cm at these volumes, at the helium vapor pressure corresponding to 4.38 K. These fields hold for more than 11 hours with leakage currents less than 170 pA (about 20% of the maximum tolerable in the EDM experiment). The system is also found to be robust against anticipated radiation backgrounds. Preliminary results for superfluid show that fields of at least 30 kV/cm can be sustained at the volumes required for the EDM experiment, about 60% of the design goal. These results are likely limited by the low pressure that must be maintained above the superfluid bath.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种高压测试系统,能够在大体积液氦中生成并维持数十kV cm⁻¹量级的电场,用于中子EDM实验。
  • 测量正常液氦和超流液氦在与中子EDM实验相关条件下的介电强度,包括大电极间距(7.5 cm)和大体积(4 L)。
  • 评估在低温、超低本底环境中使用液氦作为高压应用介电介质的可行性。
  • 评估系统对中子EDM实验中预期辐射本底及由气泡形成引起的瞬态电流脉冲的鲁棒性。

提出的方法

  • 构建了一个浸没在200 L液氦杜瓦瓶中的大面积平行板电容器,以模拟中子EDM实验的实验腔室条件。
  • 通过内部电压放大系统施加高压,避免直接将外部连接引入低温腔室。
  • 通过逐步增加电压直至发生电气击穿来测量击穿强度,同时连续监测漏电流。
  • 基于气泡形成与电容变化的模型解释瞬态电流脉冲,估算气泡在浮力和阻力作用下的逃逸时间。
  • 应用尺寸效应缩放定律 $ E_{b2} = E_{b1} (S_2/S_1)^{-1/m} $,估算因受应力体积增大导致的场强降低。
  • 利用流体动力学力计算气泡逃逸时间:浮力、阻力($ F_d = 12\tau\eta r v $)和附加质量($ F_{m'} = \frac{1}{2} V_b \rho_l \vec{a} $),推导出运动方程 $ \vec{a} - 2g + \frac{18\eta}{r^2\rho_l} \vec{v} = 0 $。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在与中子EDM实验相关的较大体积(4 L)和电极间距(7.5 cm)条件下,正常液氦的击穿强度是多少?
  • RQ2在相同实验条件下,超流氦能否维持至少30 kV cm⁻¹的电场,接近目标50 kV cm⁻¹?
  • RQ3观测到的瞬态电流脉冲由何引起?是否可归因于电极表面的气泡形成?
  • RQ4气泡在电场间隙中停留多长时间后才会逃逸?气泡脱离后恢复电流的预期幅值是多少?
  • RQ5该系统对中子EDM实验中预期的辐射本底是否具有鲁棒性?

主要发现

  • 在4.38 K和7.5 cm电极间距下,正常液氦的击穿强度至少为90 kV cm⁻¹,超过外推的设计目标。
  • 在11小时内漏电流始终低于170 pA,远低于中子EDM实验允许最大电流的20%。
  • 为超流氦确立了30 kV cm⁻¹的下限,约为目标50 kV cm⁻¹场强的60%。
  • 瞬态电流脉冲与电极表面气泡形成一致,估算出0.1–1 mm气泡引起的电容变化为0.5–5 fF。
  • 气泡从间隙逃逸的时间估计至少为100 ms,恢复电流瞬态幅度对大多数气泡而言可能低于1 nA,低于系统的噪声水平。
  • 气泡引起的电容变化模型可解释观测到的电流瞬态,表明其并非实际电荷积累,可从数据中滤除。

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