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[论文解读] Hollow-core fibers with reduced surface roughness and ultralow loss in the short-wavelength range

Jonas H. Osório, Foued Amrani|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 22, 2022
Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics参考文献 31被引用 84
一句话总结

本文提出了一种新型空芯光子晶体纤维(HCPCFs)的制造技术,通过在拉制过程中施加反向气流,显著降低核心表面粗糙度,从而大幅减少表面散射损耗。该方法将均方根粗糙度从0.40 nm降低至0.15 nm,实现了在290 nm波长下50 dB/km的创纪录超低损耗,在369 nm波长下为9.7 dB/km,在可见光波段低于2 dB/km,其性能在紫外和可见光波段超越了熔融石英芯光纤的极限。

ABSTRACT

While optical fibers display excellent performances in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet ranges remain poorly addressed by them. Obtaining better fibers for the short-wavelength range has been restricted, in all fiber optics, by scattering processes. In hollow-core fibers, the scattering loss arises from the core roughness and represents the limiting factor in reducing their loss regardless of the fiber cladding confinement power. To attain fibers performing at short wavelengths, it is paramount developing means to minimize the height variations on the fiber microstructure boundaries. Here, we report on the reduction of the core surface roughness of hollow-core fibers by modifying their fabrication technique. In the novel process proposed herein, counter directional gas fluxes are applied within the fiber holes during fabrication to attain an increased shear rate on its microstructure. The effect of the process on the surface roughness has been quantified by optical profilometry and the results showed that the root-mean-square surface roughness has been reduced from 0.40 nm to 0.15 nm. The improvement in the fiber core surface quality entailed fibers with ultralow loss in the short-wavelength range. We report on fibers with record loss values as low as 50 dB/km at 290 nm, 9.7 dB/km at 369 nm, 5.0 dB/km at 480 nm, and 1.8 dB/km at 719 nm. The results reveal this new approach as a promising path for the development of hollow-core fibers guiding at short wavelengths with loss that can potentially be orders of magnitude lower than the ones achievable with their silica-core counterparts.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决短波长工作条件下由表面粗糙度引起的散射损耗这一基本限制。
  • 开发一种将核心表面粗糙度降低至0.40 nm以下的制造方法,该值为当前HCPCFs的基准水平。
  • 通过最小化表面散射损耗,实现在紫外和可见光谱范围内的超低损耗。
  • 证明简单的SR-TL HCPCF结构无需复杂包层设计即可实现创纪录的低损耗。
  • 建立一种可扩展的、基于工艺的表面光滑化方法,适用于未来高性能HCPCFs。

提出的方法

  • 该新型制造工艺在拉制过程中于光纤孔洞内施加反向气流,以增加熔融二氧化硅膜的剪切速率。
  • 利用剪切流抑制热毛细波的形成,否则这些波会在玻璃化转变温度下被“冻结”为表面粗糙度。
  • 采用光学轮廓仪测量表面高度分布并计算均方根(rms)粗糙度。
  • 原子力显微镜(AFM)在纳米尺度分辨率下验证了表面的高频纹理。
  • 在400 nm以上和以下波长分别使用超连续谱光源和等离子体灯进行损耗测量。
  • 在轮廓仪测量中使用折射率匹配液,以消除包层管引起的非期望反射。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在光纤拉制过程中施加反向气流是否能降低空芯光纤的表面粗糙度?
  • RQ2表面粗糙度降低在紫外和可见光波段对散射损耗的降低程度如何?
  • RQ3SR-TL HCPCFs是否能在无需复杂包层设计的情况下实现低于熔融石英瑞利散射极限的超低损耗?
  • RQ4与标准工艺相比,该新制造方法在表面粗糙度和损耗性能方面实现了多大程度的定量提升?
  • RQ5表面粗糙度的降低是否足以使损耗值在250–400 nm范围内低于10 dB/km?

主要发现

  • 通过反向气流技术,空芯光纤的均方根表面粗糙度从0.40 nm降低至0.15 nm。
  • 光纤A在290 nm波长下实现了50 dB/km的创纪录损耗,为目前报道的深紫外波段中最低损耗。
  • 光纤B在719 nm波长下损耗为1.8 dB/km,在558 nm波长下为0.9 dB/km,表明其在可见光谱范围内实现了低于2 dB/km的性能。
  • 两根光纤的实测损耗值均低于熔融石英瑞利散射极限(SRSL),表明实现了根本性的性能突破。
  • 损耗的改善可直接归因于表面散射损耗(SSL)的降低,其与表面粗糙度的平方成正比。
  • 结果证实,表面粗糙度是短波长HCPCFs中主导的损耗机制,可通过工艺工程有效抑制。

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