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[论文解读] Homomorphic Sortition -- Secret Leader Election for PoS Blockchains

Luciano Freitas de Souza, Andrei Tonkikh|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 23, 2022
Distributed systems and fault tolerance被引用 5
一句话总结

本文提出 Homomorphic Sortition,这是首个支持非过期注册的异步单秘密领导者选举(SSLE)协议,可在部分同步的权益证明(PoS)区块链中实现安全且高效的领导者选择。该协议利用门限全同态加密(ThFHE),实现无需重新注册的并行、无状态选举,支持任意的权益分布,并可实现确定性终止,具备强大的安全保证。

ABSTRACT

In a single secret leader election protocol (SSLE), one of the system participants is chosen and, unless it decides to reveal itself, no other participant can identify it. SSLE has a great potential in protecting blockchain consensus protocols against denial of service (DoS) attacks. However, all existing solutions either make strong synchrony assumptions or have expiring registration, meaning that they require elected processes to re-register themselves before they can be re-elected again. This, in turn, prohibits the use of these SSLE protocols to elect leaders in partially-synchronous consensus protocols as there may be long periods of network instability when no new blocks are decided and, thus, no new registrations (or re-registrations) are possible. In this paper, we propose Homomorphic Sortition -- the first asynchronous SSLE protocol with non-expiring registration, making it the first solution compatible with partially-synchronous leader-based consensus protocols. Homomorphic Sortition relies on Threshold Fully Homomorphic Encryption (ThFHE) and is tailored to proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchains, with several important optimizations with respect to prior proposals. In particular, unlike most existing SSLE protocols, it works with arbitrary stake distributions and does not require a user with multiple coins to be registered multiple times. Our protocol is highly parallelizable and can be run completely off-chain after setup. Some blockchains require a sequence of rounds to have non-repeating leaders. We define a generalization of SSLE, called Secret Leader Permutation (SLP) in which the application can choose how many non-repeating leaders should be output in a sequence of rounds and we show how Homomorphic Sortition also solves this problem.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决现有 SSLE 协议存在的限制,例如需要注册过期或依赖同步假设。
  • 设计一种与部分同步共识协议兼容的 SSLE 协议,以应对长期网络延迟导致无法重新注册的问题。
  • 支持任意的权益分布,而无需拥有多个代币的用户进行多次注册。
  • 实现高效、链外执行的领导者选举,具备高度并行性。
  • 将 SSLE 扩展为秘密领导者排列(SLP),支持非重复领导者的序列。

提出的方法

  • 协议使用门限全同态加密(ThFHE)实现对加密权益的同态计算,以执行领导者选举逻辑。
  • 每位参与者使用共享公钥对其权益进行加密,选举过程在不泄露个体权益的情况下同态计算完成。
  • 通过应用确定性、可验证的函数于加密的权益向量来选择领导者,仅在选举完成后才解密输出。
  • 协议支持非过期注册:被选中的参与者无需重新注册,可在多轮中长期参与。
  • 系统设计高度可并行化,可在初始设置阶段后完全在链外执行。
  • 通过在多个独立选举中施加领导者重复限制,实现对秘密领导者排列(SLP)的推广。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否设计一种保密领导者选举协议,在异步系统中运行且无需在选举后重新注册?
  • RQ2是否可能在 SSLE 中支持任意的权益分布,而无需用户为多个代币多次注册?
  • RQ3能否高效地应用 ThFHE 构建可扩展的、链外的 SSLE 协议,用于 PoS 区块链?
  • RQ4如何安全高效地将 SSLE 扩展为支持非重复领导者序列(SLP)?
  • RQ5在实际区块链环境中使用 ThFHE 时,其性能与安全权衡如何?

主要发现

  • Homomorphic Sortition 是首个支持非过期注册的异步 SSLE 协议,使其与部分同步共识协议兼容。
  • 该协议支持任意的权益分布,而无需拥有多个代币的用户多次注册。
  • 它实现了选举的完全链外执行,具备高并行性,且被选中的领导者无需维护状态。
  • 该协议实现了确定性终止,并在假设敌手权益有限的前提下提供了强大的安全保证。
  • 作者证明其方法可自然推广至秘密领导者排列(SLP),支持非重复领导者的序列。
  • 性能评估仍在进行中,但设计已针对最先进的 ThFHE 协议和 SIMD 友好的算术电路进行了优化。

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