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[论文解读] Hot Ammonia around Young O-type Stars. II. JVLA imaging of highly-excited metastable ammonia masers in W51-North

C. Goddi, C. Henkel|arXiv (Cornell University)|Nov 4, 2014
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies参考文献 32被引用 10
一句话总结

本研究利用JVLA 1 cm波段的干涉成像技术,解析了W51-North区域中高度激发的亚稳态氨(NH₃)脉泽,检测到(6,6)、(7,7)和(9,9)跃迁的脉泽,其峰值亮度温度超过10⁴ K。这些脉泽相对于SiO脉泽和H₂O脉泽偏移0.65″(3500 AU),表明存在一个双星系统,其中W51-North的伴星通过来自周双星盘的红外泵浦激发了NH₃脉泽。

ABSTRACT

We have used the JVLA at the 1 cm band to map five highly-excited metastable inversion transitions of ammonia, (J,K)=(6,6), (7,7), (9,9), (10,10), and (13,13), in W51 IRS2 with ~0.2 angular resolution. We present detections of both thermal (extended) ammonia emission in the five inversion lines, with rotational states ranging in energy from about 400 to 1700 K, and point-like ammonia maser emission in the (6,6), (7,7), and (9,9) lines. The thermal ammonia emits around a velocity of 60 km/s, near the cloud's systemic velocity, is elongated in the east-west direction across 4" and is confined by the HII regions W51d, W51d1, and W51d2. The ammonia masers are observed in the eastern tip of the dense clump traced by thermal ammonia, offset by 0.65" to the East from its emission peak, and have a peak velocity at ~47.5 km/s. No maser components are detected near the systemic velocity. The ammonia masers are separated by 0.65" (3500 AU) from the (rare) vibrationally-excited SiO masers, excited by the deeply-embedded YSO W51-North. This excludes that the two maser species are excited by the same object. Interestingly, the ammonia masers originate at the same sky position as a peak in a submm line of SO2 imaged with the SMA, tracing a face-on circumstellar disk/ring around W51-North. In addition, the thermal emission from the most highly excited ammonia lines, (10,10) and (13,13), shows two main condensations, the dominant one towards W51-North with the SiO/H2O masers, and a weaker peak at the ammonia maser position. We propose a scenario where the ring seen in SO2 emission is a circumbinary disk surrounding (at least) two high-mass YSOs, W51-North (exciting the SiO masers) and a nearby companion (exciting the ammonia masers), separated by 3500 AU. This finding indicates a physical connection (in a binary) between the two rare SiO and ammonia maser species.

研究动机与目标

  • 确定W51 IRS2大质量恒星形成区中高度激发的亚稳态NH₃脉泽的空间起源。
  • 解析W51-North区域中NH₃脉泽与其他脉泽种类(SiO、H₂O)之间的物理关联。
  • 确定脉泽是否源自单个原恒星或双星系统。
  • 研究在大质量年轻恒星对象环境中罕见高J NH₃脉泽的泵浦机制。

提出的方法

  • 利用Karl G. Jansky甚大阵列(JVLA)在1 cm波段对五个亚稳态NH₃反转跃迁(J,K)=(6,6)、(7,7)、(9,9)、(10,10)和(13,13)进行高分辨率(0.2″)干涉测绘。
  • 测量峰值亮度温度以确认脉泽特性,其中(6,6)的值>1.7×10⁵ K,(7,7)的值>6×10³ K,(9,9)的值>1×10⁴ K。
  • 将NH₃脉泽的空间和径向速度位置与先前VLA观测中已知的SiO和H₂O脉泽位置进行比较。
  • 分析热NH₃辐射以追踪致密气体结构,并与脉泽位置相关联。
  • 利用SMA的亚毫米波SO₂谱线数据识别出位于NH₃脉泽位置的原恒星盘/环结构。
  • 提出一个物理模型:包含两个相距3500 AU的YSO的双星系统,其中次星通过红外辐射激发NH₃脉泽。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1高度激发的亚稳态NH₃脉泽在W51-North区域中的位置如何?它们与其他脉泽种类之间有何关系?
  • RQ2NH₃脉泽发射是否在空间和运动学上与追踪高速双极喷流的SiO脉泽相关联?
  • RQ3观测到的脉泽发射能否由单个原恒星解释,还是需要双星系统?
  • RQ4导致这些罕见高J NH₃脉泽放大的泵浦机制是什么?
  • RQ5NH₃脉泽与在亚毫米波段观测到的SO₂发射的原恒星盘/环之间是否存在物理关联?

主要发现

  • (6,6)、(7,7)和(9,9)的NH₃跃迁表现出点状脉泽发射,其峰值亮度温度分别为1.7×10⁵ K、6×10³ K和1×10⁴ K,确认了其脉泽特性。
  • NH₃脉泽位于热NH₃发射峰值以东0.65″(3500 AU)处,径向速度约为47.5 km s⁻¹,明显偏离系统速度60 km s⁻¹。
  • NH₃脉泽在空间上偏离SiO和H₂O脉泽,后者追踪的是W51-North的高速双极喷流,排除了由同一原恒星直接激发的可能性。
  • NH₃脉泽与SO₂发射的峰值位置重合,该SO₂发射来自一个面朝观测者的原恒星盘/环,表明W51-North存在周双星结构及伴星YSO。
  • 热发射的(10,10)和(13,13)跃迁显示出两个凝聚区:一个位于W51-North(含SiO/H₂O脉泽),另一个在NH₃脉泽位置,但较弱。
  • 三个亚稳态NH₃脉泽线在空间和运动学上的相关性,以及约0.2 km s⁻¹ yr⁻¹的长期径向速度漂移,支持了这两种稀有脉泽在双星系统中存在物理关联。

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