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[论文解读] Hypervelocity stars in the Gaia era: Runaway B stars beyond the velocity limit of classical ejection mechanisms

A. Irrgang, S. Kreuzer|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 16, 2018
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae参考文献 69被引用 4
一句话总结

本研究利用盖亚DR2天体测量数据和修订的光谱测距法,重新分析了15颗高速B型星,发现其中九颗星(包括五颗候选超高速星)由于运动学约束,不可能起源于银河系中心。结果表明,已知超高速星的显著比例为来自星盘的逃逸星,其通过未解释的动力学机制被抛射,速度超过经典双星超新星或星团抛射的极限。HVS 3被确认起源于大麦哲伦云,距离为62.3 ± 7.7 kpc,速度为870 ± 70 km s⁻¹。

ABSTRACT

Young massive stars in the halo are assumed to be runaway stars from the Galactic disk. Possible ejection scenarios are binary supernova ejections (BSE) or dynamical ejections from star clusters (DE). Hypervelocity stars (HVSs) are extreme runaway stars that are potentially unbound from the Galaxy. Powerful acceleration mechanisms such as the tidal disruption of a binary system by a supermassive black hole (SMBH) are required to produce them. Therefore, HVSs are believed to originate in the Galactic center (GC), the only place known to host an SMBH. The second Gaia data release (DR2) offers the opportunity of studying HVSs in an unprecedented manner. We revisit some of the most interesting high-velocity stars, that is, 15 stars for which proper motions with the Hubble Space Telescope were obtained in the pre-Gaia era, to unravel their origin. By carrying out kinematic analyses based on revised spectrophotometric distances and proper motions from Gaia DR2, kinematic properties were obtained that help constrain the spatial origins of these stars. Stars that were previously considered (un)bound remain (un)bound in Galactic potentials favored by Gaia DR2 astrometry. For nine stars (five candidate HVSs plus all four radial velocity outliers), the GC can be ruled out as spatial origin at least at $2σ$ confidence level, suggesting that a large portion of the known HVSs are disk runaway stars launched close to or beyond Galactic escape velocities. The fastest star in the sample, HVS3, is confirmed to originate in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Because the ejection velocities of five of our non-GC stars are close to or above the upper limits predicted for BSE and DE, another powerful dynamical ejection mechanism (e.g., involving massive perturbers such as intermediate-mass black holes) is likely to operate in addition to the three classical scenarios mentioned above.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用盖亚DR2天体测量数据,重新评估15颗高速星(包括11颗候选超高速星和4颗径向速度异常星)的起源。
  • 检验这些恒星是否可能通过希尔兹机制或星盘基动力学抛射机制起源于银河系中心。
  • 确定观测到的速度是否超过经典抛射机制(如双星超新星抛射BSE和星团动力学抛射DE)的理论上限。
  • 探讨是否存在涉及大质量扰动体(如中等质量黑洞)的替代抛射机制,适用于速度超过已知阈值的恒星。

提出的方法

  • 利用光学和红外测光数据,重新计算光谱测距,以提高目标恒星的距离估计精度。
  • 利用盖亚DR2的自行数据,计算完整的六维相空间解,实现精确的运动学建模。
  • 应用盖亚DR2天体测量数据支持的银河系势模型,评估恒星轨道的稳定性及其束缚/非束缚状态。
  • 对恒星轨迹进行时间反演积分,追溯其空间起源,其中九颗星在95%置信水平下被排除来自银河系中心的可能性。
  • 将运动学约束与BSE和DE机制的理论速度上限进行比较,识别出超过经典抛射能力的恒星。
  • 利用更新的距离和速度数据,重新评估HVS 3的起源,确认其与大麦哲伦云的关联。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于盖亚DR2天体测量数据和修订的距离,能否排除银河系中心作为高速星起源的可能性?
  • RQ2观测到的超高速星中,是否有任何一颗的速度超过了双星超新星抛射和星团动力学抛射的理论极限?
  • RQ3HVS 3的起源是否与大麦哲伦云一致?其抛射速度是否支持替代抛射机制?
  • RQ4有哪些运动学证据支持存在超出经典三种情景的未解释动力学抛射机制?
  • RQ5极端星盘逃逸星的恒星年龄与飞行时间是否与星团形成期间的抛射一致?

主要发现

  • 基于运动学分析,九颗星(包括五颗候选超高速星和全部四颗径向速度异常星)在95%置信水平下被排除起源于银河系中心。
  • 样本中速度最快的恒星HVS 3,其修订距离为62.3 ± 7.7 kpc,速度为870 ± 70 km s⁻¹,确认其起源于大麦哲伦云。
  • HVS 3的抛射速度超过经典双星超新星抛射和星团动力学抛射的理论上限,表明需要额外的抛射机制。
  • HVS 3的空间起源位置距离大麦哲伦云中心仅6⁺⁷₋₄ kpc,支持其起源于LMC而非银河系中心。
  • 对于极端星盘逃逸星,其恒星寿命显著长于飞行时间,排除了在星团形成期间被抛射的可能性,暗示存在其他动力学抛射通道。
  • 本研究识别出五颗非银河系中心起源的恒星,其抛射速度接近或超过BSE和DE机制的理论极限,表明存在涉及大质量扰动体(如中等质量黑洞)的强大力学抛射机制。

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