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[论文解读] Improved integrality gap upper bounds for TSP with distances one and two

Matthias Mnich, Tobias Mömke|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 9, 2013
Advanced Graph Theory Research参考文献 17被引用 3
一句话总结

该论文通过分析子环消除松弛(SER)解的支持结构,改进了边权为1和2的旅行商问题(TSP)的整数规划间隙上界。提出了一种改进的线性规划形式SER⁺,其包含单一切割平面不等式,从而可设计多项式时间算法,构造出分量较少的2-匹配,最终实现紧致的整数规划间隙上界:无向TSP为5/4,半整数解为7/6,支撑图为子立方图时为10/9;对于有向TSP,上界分别为3/2和4/3。

ABSTRACT

We study the structure of solutions to linear programming formulations for the traveling salesperson problem (TSP). We perform a detailed analysis of the support of the subtour elimination linear programming relaxation, which leads to algorithms that find 2-matchings with few components in polynomial time. The number of components directly leads to integrality gap upper bounds for the TSP with distances one and two, for both undirected and directed graphs. Our main results concern the subtour elimination relaxation with one additional cutting plane inequality: - For undirected instances we obtain an integrality gap upper bound of 5/4 without any further restrictions, of 7/6 if the optimal LP solution is half-integral. - For instances of order n where the fractional LP value has a cost of n, we obtain a tight integrality gap upper bound of 10/9 if there is an optimal solution with subcubic support graph. The latter property that the graph is subcubic is implied if the solution is a basic solution in the fractional 2-matching polytope. - For directed instances we obtain an integrality gap upper bound of 3/2, and of 4/3 if given an optimal 1/2-integral solution. In the case of undirected graphs, we can avoid to add the cutting plane inequality if we accept slightly increased values. For the tight result, the cutting plane is not required. Additionally, we show that relying on the structure of the support is not an artefact of our algorithm, but is necessary under standard complexity-theoretic assumptions: we show that finding improved solutions via local search is W[1]-hard for k-edge change neighborhoods even for the TSP with distances one and two, which strengthens a result of Dániel Marx.

研究动机与目标

  • 改进边权为1和2的对称与非对称TSP的整数规划间隙上界。
  • 分析子环消除松弛(SER)解的支持结构,以实现更优的近似保证。
  • 设计多项式时间算法,寻找分量较少的2-匹配,从而直接转化为更优的整数规划间隙。
  • 在半整数解与子立方支撑图等结构假设下,建立紧致的上界。
  • 证明k边变更的局部搜索在复杂性理论假设下为W[1]-难,表明结构分析是必要的。

提出的方法

  • 在标准子环消除松弛(SER)基础上,通过添加单一切割平面不等式,构造SER⁺,以保证解为整数。
  • 分析SER⁺最优解的支持图,识别出可支持更优2-匹配构造的结构特性。
  • 设计多项式时间算法,将2-匹配转换为分量更少的等价形式,避免孤立点并利用交错路径。
  • 基于交错路径与路径变换的改进,将2-匹配的分量数减少至最多n/4。
  • 利用分数2-匹配多面体基本解的已知结构特性——特别是半整数性与子立方度数——推导出更紧的上界。
  • 通过从t-团问题的归约,证明k边变更局部搜索为W[1]-难,从而确立结构分析的必要性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否通过支持图的结构洞察,改进边权为1和2的TSP的子环消除松弛整数规划间隙?
  • RQ2当最优SER解为半整数或具有子立方支撑图时,可实现怎样的整数规划间隙上界?
  • RQ3在SER⁺中使用单一切割平面不等式是否足以实现更紧的整数规划间隙上界,同时保持多项式时间可解性?
  • RQ4在特定结构约束下,能否为无向与有向TSP变体推导出改进的近似保证?
  • RQ5在(1,2)-TSP中,k边变更的局部搜索是否为固定参数可追踪(fixed-parameter tractable),或在标准复杂性假设下为W[1]-难?

主要发现

  • 对于无向(1,2)-STSP,SER⁺的整数规划间隙至多为5/4,无需额外约束;当最优解为半整数时,上界为7/6。
  • 对于最优LP值为n且支撑图为子立方图的无向(1,2)-STSP,整数规划间隙被紧致地界定为10/9。
  • 对于有向(1,2)-ATSP,SER⁺的整数规划间隙至多为3/2,当最优解为半整数时,上界为4/3。
  • 在无向TSP中,5/4上界无需切削平面不等式,但为在子立方支撑图下实现紧致的10/9上界,该不等式至关重要。
  • 通过k边变更局部搜索寻找改进解在(1,2)-TSP中为W[1]-难,表明结构分析并非人为构造,而是必要手段。
  • 在指数时间假设下,不存在f(k)·n^{o(√[3]{k})}-时间算法用于k边变更(1,2)-TSP,意味着n的指数项具有强下界。

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