[论文解读] Improving Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Considering Battery Electric-Thermal Model
本文提出了一种增强型离线能量管理系统(EMS),用于并联式插电混合动力汽车(PHEVs),通过将电池电热模型整合到优化框架中。通过将电池温度视为与荷电状态(SOC)并列的动态状态变量,该方法降低了热应力和老化,通过基于动态规划(DP)的优化实现了稳定的温度控制和更高的能量效率。
This article proposes an offline Energy Management System (EMS) for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Dividing the torque between the Electric Motor (EM) and the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) requires a suitable EMS. Batteries are vital to HEVs and significantly impact overall vehicle cost and performance. High temperature and high battery State of Charge (SOC) are the main factors that accelerate battery aging. SOC is the most critical state variable in EMS and was usually considered the only dynamic variable in previous studies. For simplicity, the battery temperature was often assumed to be constant, and the effect of EMS on temperature change was neglected. In this paper, we first apply Dynamic Programming (DP) to a PHEV without considering battery temperature variations. Then, the battery model is improved by modeling the cooling system to take into account temperature variations and show how neglecting the thermal dynamics of the battery in EMS is impractical. Finally, by integrating battery temperature as a state variable in the optimization problem, a new EMS is proposed to control battery temperature and SOC variation. Simulation results of the tested vehicle show that the proposed method controls battery charge and temperature. The proposed EMS method prevents uncontrolled fluctuations in battery temperature and reduces its deterioration rate.
研究动机与目标
- 解决先前EMS研究中假设电池温度恒定、忽略热力学动态的局限性。
- 通过在能量管理策略中同时控制荷电状态(SOC)和温度,提升电池寿命。
- 开发一个综合性的EMS,考虑电池电学行为与热学行为之间的相互作用。
- 证明在基于电池的能量管理系统中忽略热效应的不切实际性。
- 提供一种通过仿真验证的方法,实现功率分配与热调节的协同控制,以减少电池退化。
提出的方法
- 对不包含热力学动态的初始PHEV模型应用动态规划(DP),以评估基线性能。
- 开发一个详细的电池电热模型,包含热力学动态及冷却系统影响。
- 将优化问题的状态空间扩展,纳入电池温度作为动态状态变量。
- 使用扩展的状态向量(SOC与温度)重新优化EMS,以最小化燃油消耗和热应力。
- 将热反馈集成到控制逻辑中,防止运行过程中温度过度升高。
- 通过标准驾驶循环下代表性PHEV的仿真,验证改进后的EMS。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1忽略电池热力学动态对PHEV能量管理系统性能和寿命有何影响?
- RQ2在EMS中将电池温度作为状态变量整合,能在多大程度上改善电池健康状况和系统效率?
- RQ3热调节对PHEV中SOC变化和燃油消耗有何影响?
- RQ4包含电学与热学动态的统一优化框架能否实现更可持续的电池运行?
- RQ5与仅基于SOC的传统EMS相比,所提出的EMS在温度稳定性和电池老化方面表现如何?
主要发现
- 所提出的EMS成功控制了电池的荷电状态(SOC)和温度,防止了不可控的波动。
- 与忽略热力学动态的传统EMS相比,电池温度波动显著降低。
- 将热力学动态整合到优化框架中,显著降低了电池退化速率。
- 仿真结果证实,该方法通过最小化运行过程中的热应力,提高了能量效率。
- 该方法表明,在EMS设计中忽略热效应会导致不切实际且可能造成损害的运行条件。
- 基于DP的双状态变量(SOC与温度)优化,为PHEV提供了更鲁棒、更可持续的控制策略。
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