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[论文解读] Information Spreading in Dynamic Networks

Chinmoy Dutta, Gopal Pandurangan|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 2, 2011
Distributed systems and fault tolerance参考文献 38被引用 10
一句话总结

本文建立了在自适应敌手环境下,任何确定性在线令牌转发算法解决k-八卦问题所需的轮数的Ω(nk/log n)下界,该下界与已知的O(nk)上界仅相差对数因子。此外,本文还提出了高效的离线令牌转发算法,实现亚二次时间复杂度,包括一种O(n^ε)-近似算法,其每条边每轮的令牌传输次数为O(log n)。

ABSTRACT

We study the fundamental problem of information spreading (also known as gossip) in dynamic networks. In gossip, or more generally, $k$-gossip, there are $k$ pieces of information (or tokens) that are initially present in some nodes and the problem is to disseminate the $k$ tokens to all nodes. The goal is to accomplish the task in as few rounds of distributed computation as possible. The problem is especially challenging in dynamic networks where the network topology can change from round to round and can be controlled by an on-line adversary. The focus of this paper is on the power of token-forwarding algorithms, which do not manipulate tokens in any way other than storing and forwarding them. We first consider a worst-case adversarial model first studied by Kuhn, Lynch, and Oshman~\cite{kuhn+lo:dynamic} in which the communication links for each round are chosen by an adversary, and nodes do not know who their neighbors for the current round are before they broadcast their messages. Our main result is an $Ω(nk/\log n)$ lower bound on the number of rounds needed for any deterministic token-forwarding algorithm to solve $k$-gossip. This resolves an open problem raised in~\cite{kuhn+lo:dynamic}, improving their lower bound of $Ω(n \log k)$, and matching their upper bound of $O(nk)$ to within a logarithmic factor. We next show that token-forwarding algorithms can achieve subquadratic time in the offline version of the problem where the adversary has to commit all the topology changes in advance at the beginning of the computation, and present two polynomial-time offline token-forwarding algorithms. Our results are a step towards understanding the power and limitation of token-forwarding algorithms in dynamic networks.

研究动机与目标

  • 理解在拓扑结构逐轮受敌手自适应改变的动态网络中,令牌转发算法的根本限制。
  • 解决Kuhn、Lynch和Oshman提出的敌手模型中,确定性在线令牌转发算法最优轮复杂度的开放问题。
  • 探索在敌手预先承诺所有拓扑变化的离线设置中,令牌转发的潜力。
  • 设计高效的算法,实现在离线动态网络中k-八卦问题的亚二次时间复杂度。
  • 分析离线令牌转发算法中轮复杂度与通信成本(每条边每轮的令牌传输数)之间的权衡。

提出的方法

  • 证明了在自适应敌手(每轮观察随机性)环境下,任何确定性在线令牌转发算法的轮数下界为Ω(nk/log n)。
  • 采用集中式、全局知识的论证方法,表明即使完全掌握令牌分布情况,该下界依然成立。
  • 提出一种利用斯坦纳树序列建模通信调度的离线算法,通过线性规划松弛与随机舍入构造。
  • 应用O(n^ε)-近似算法求解类似集合覆盖的问题F(P),以减少调度中的轮数。
  • 使用切尔诺夫不等式证明:以高概率,随机舍入阶段中任意边每轮传输的令牌数不超过O(log n)。
  • 利用已知的转换方法(引理10)将所得的斯坦纳树集合转换为有效的令牌传播调度。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在自适应敌手环境下,动态网络中确定性在线令牌转发算法解决k-八卦问题的最优轮复杂度是多少?
  • RQ2当敌手知晓每轮算法的随机选择时,随机化在线令牌转发算法能否实现亚二次时间复杂度?
  • RQ3在离线令牌转发算法中,轮复杂度与通信成本(每条边每轮的令牌数)之间能达到的最佳权衡是什么?
  • RQ4当敌手预先承诺所有拓扑变化时,高效的离线令牌转发算法能否实现k-八卦问题的亚二次时间复杂度?
  • RQ5在动态网络中,令牌转发的理论极限与网络编码的理论极限相比如何?

主要发现

  • 本文在敌手模型中建立了Ω(nk/log n)的紧致下界,证明了任何确定性在线令牌转发算法解决k-八卦问题所需的轮数,解决了Kuhn、Lynch和Oshman提出的开放问题。
  • 该下界与已知的O(nk)上界仅相差对数因子,表明在在线敌手环境下,令牌转发算法无法实现显著的亚二次性能。
  • 该下界也适用于敌手为自适应情况下的随机算法,即敌手在决策前已知晓每轮使用的随机性。
  • 一种离线令牌转发算法实现了O(min{nk, n√(k log n)})轮,表明当拓扑变化已知时,亚二次时间是可能的。
  • 提出了一种双准则近似算法,其运行时间为O(n^ε L)轮(对任意ε > 0),且以高概率保证每条边每轮传输的令牌数为O(log n),其中L为最优轮数。
  • 离线算法中使用的随机舍入技术确保任意边传输的令牌数超过O(log n)的概率至多为1/n^{log log n},从而保证了通信成本的高概率界限。

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