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[论文解读] Information-theoretic foundations of thermodynamics in general probabilistic theories

Carlo Maria Scandolo|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 23, 2019
Quantum Mechanics and Applications参考文献 111被引用 9
一句话总结

本论文为广义概率理论中的热力学建立了信息论基础,采用资源理论与四个公理,刻画了混合态由纠缠产生的情形。当动力学完全可逆时,微正则热力学与纯二体纠缠呈现对偶关系,从而统一推导出经典、量子及奇异理论中的兰道尔原理与熵单调性。

ABSTRACT

We study the informational underpinnings of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, using an abstract framework, general probabilistic theories, capable of describing arbitrary physical theories. This allows one to abstract the informational content of a theory from the concrete details of its formalism. In this framework, we extend the treatment of microcanonical thermodynamics, namely the thermodynamics of systems with a well-defined energy, beyond the known cases of classical and quantum theory, formulating two necessary requirements for a well-defined thermodynamics. We adopt the recent approach of resource theories, where one studies the transitions between states that can be accomplished with a restricted set of physical operations. We formulate three different resource theories, differing in the choice of the restricted set of physical operations. To bridge the gap between the objective dynamics of particles and the subjective world of probabilities, one of the core issues in the foundations of statistical mechanics, we propose four information-theoretic axioms. They are satisfied by quantum theory and more exotic alternatives, including a suitable extension of classical theory where classical systems interact with each other creating entangled states. The axioms identify a class of theories where every mixed state can be modelled as the reduced state of a pure entangled state. In these theories it is possible to introduce well-behaved notions of majorisation, entropy, and Gibbs states, allowing for an information-theoretic derivation of Landauer's principle. The three resource theories define the same notion of resource if and only if, on top of the four axioms, the dynamics of the underlying theory satisfy a condition called "unrestricted reversibility". Under this condition we derive a duality between microcanonical thermodynamics and pure bipartite entanglement.

研究动机与目标

  • 建立超越经典与量子理论的微正则热力学的一般性框架。
  • 识别刻画混合态源于纯纠缠态的理论的信息论公理。
  • 基于受限物理操作,制定三种不同的状态转换资源理论。
  • 以统一方式从操作原理推导兰道尔原理与热力学第二定律。
  • 在完全可逆性条件下,证明微正则热力学与纯二体纠缠之间的对偶性。

提出的方法

  • 提出四个信息论公理(纯度、态-效应对偶、无信息则无扰动、对角化),以刻画一类广义概率理论。
  • 基于不同允许物理操作集合,引入三种资源理论——RaRe、噪声型与单位型。
  • 利用极大化与单位通道刻画受限动力学下的态转换。
  • 应用函数演算与Schmidt分解,定义广义理论中的本征值与熵。
  • 通过操作原理推导香农-冯诺依曼熵及其单调性。
  • 证明当且仅当理论满足完全可逆性时,三种资源理论等价。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1哪些公理是广义概率理论支持良好定义的微正则热力学所必需且充分的?
  • RQ2不同物理操作选择(资源理论)如何影响热力学可逆性与熵单调性的概念?
  • RQ3在哪些理论中,微正则热力学与纯二体纠缠之间存在对偶性?
  • RQ4兰道尔原理能否从操作原理而非动力学假设中推导?
  • RQ5在何种条件下,三种资源理论(RaRe、噪声型、单位型)定义相同的资源概念?

主要发现

  • 四个公理——纯度、态-效应对偶、无信息则无扰动、对角化——刻画了一类理论,其中每个混合态均为纯纠缠态的约化态。
  • 在这些理论中,极大化与冯诺依曼熵均有良好定义,且熵在允许的物理操作下保持单调。
  • 当且仅当理论满足完全可逆性时,三种资源理论(RaRe、噪声型、单位型)定义相同的资源预序。
  • 在完全可逆性条件下,微正则热力学与纯二体纠缠之间出现对偶性,推广了已知的量子结果。
  • 兰道尔原理作为资源理论框架与公理的推论被操作性地推导,将信息擦除与热力学代价联系起来。
  • 微正则态由等先验概率原理唯一确定,其复合系统中的组成关系保持一致。

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