[论文解读] Interface-induced hysteretic volume phase transition of microgels: simulation and experiment
本研究结合布朗运动模拟与实验,探究了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNiPAm)微凝胶在气/水界面处的界面诱导迟滞体积相变。作者证明,初始在界面处塌陷的微凝胶在温度循环过程中表现出不可逆的溶胀行为,这是由于构象被动力学捕获所致,而这种行为在体相微凝胶中并不存在,揭示了界面限域是迟滞现象的根源。
Thermo-responsive microgel particles can exhibit a drastic volume shrinkage upon increasing the solvent temperature. Recently we found that the spreading of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNiPAm) microgels at a liquid interface under the influence of surface tension hinders the temperature-induced volume phase transition. In addition, we observed a hysteresis behavior upon temperature cycling, i.e. a different evolution in microgel size and shape depending on whether the microgel was initially adsorbed to the interface in expanded or collapsed state. Here, we model the volume phase transition of such microgels at an air/water interface by monomer-resolved Brownian dynamics simulations and compare the observed behavior with experiments. We reproduce the experimentally observed hysteresis in the microgel dimensions upon temperature variation. Our simulations did not observe any hysteresis for microgels dispersed in the bulk liquid, suggesting that it results from the distinct interfacial morphology of the microgel adsorbed at the liquid interface. An initially collapsed microgel brought to the interface and subjected to subsequent swelling and collapsing (resp. cooling and heating) will end up in a larger size than it had in the original collapsed state. Further temperature cycling, however, only shows a much reduced hysteresis, in agreement with our experimental observations. We attribute the hysteretic behavior to a kinetically trapped initial collapsed configuration, which relaxes upon expanding in the swollen state. We find a similar behavior for linear PNiPAm chains adsorbed to an interface. Our combined experimental - simulation investigation provides new insights into the volume phase transition of PNiPAm materials adsorbed to liquid interfaces.
研究动机与目标
- 理解微凝胶在液态界面吸附时出现的迟滞体积相变的起源,该现象在体相中并未观察到。
- 确定界面限域本身是否足以在微凝胶溶胀/脱溶胀行为中引发迟滞。
- 研究微凝胶结构及交联密度对界面迟滞的调控作用。
- 探究类似迟滞行为是否也存在于界面处的线性聚合物链中。
- 建立一种单体分辨的模拟框架,以重现实验中观察到的界面微凝胶动力学。
提出的方法
- 采用有效粒子建模的粗粒化PNiPAm微凝胶的单体分辨布朗运动模拟,结合外部势场以模拟气/水界面。
- 采用两步平衡协议:先在体相中进行初始平衡(溶胀或塌陷状态),随后吸附至界面并重新平衡。
- 对体相和界面微凝胶施加温度循环协议,以探测尺寸与形状演变中的迟滞行为。
- 系统性地改变交联密度,以评估其对迟滞程度的影响。
- 将微凝胶行为与吸附在界面处的线性PNiPAm链的行为进行对比,以分离结构效应的影响。
- 使用有效势场模拟表面张力与界面吸引力,温度依赖性相互作用用于模拟体积相变。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1液态界面的存在是否会在PNiPAm微凝胶中诱导出体相中不存在的迟滞体积相变?
- RQ2在界面微凝胶中观察到的迟滞现象的根源是什么,特别是当从塌陷状态开始时?
- RQ3交联密度如何影响微凝胶界面迟滞的幅度?
- RQ4这种迟滞行为是否特异于微凝胶结构,还是也存在于界面处的线性聚合物链中?
- RQ5单体分辨的布朗运动模拟能否定量再现实验中观察到的界面微凝胶动力学迟滞?
主要发现
- 本研究成功再现了实验中在气/水界面处温度循环下观察到的微凝胶尺寸迟滞行为。
- 在相同温度循环协议下,体相微凝胶中未观察到迟滞,表明界面限域是该效应的必要条件。
- 初始塌陷的微凝胶在界面吸附后,升温时显著溶胀,冷却后仍保持较大尺寸,表明发生了不可逆的结构弛豫。
- 后续温度循环仅表现出减弱的迟滞,与初始非平衡态部分弛豫一致。
- 迟滞行为归因于动力学捕获的塌陷构象,其在溶胀过程中发生弛豫,而界面稳定了非平衡态。
- 线性PNiPAm链在界面吸附后,温度循环下也表现出迟滞行为,表明该效应源于界面聚合物物理行为,而非微凝胶拓扑结构。
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