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[论文解读] ISPY - the NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars: A young companion candidate embedded in the R CrA cloud

Gabriele Cugno, Sascha P. Quanz|Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)|Feb 11, 2019
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies参考文献 52被引用 4
一句话总结

本研究利用甚大望远镜/NACO在L′波段首次直接成像探测到年轻赫比格Ae/Be星R CrA周围的低质量伴星候选体。该伴星位于18.7 AU处,对比度约为6.7–7.3等,其运动和质量估计(0.10–1.03 M⊙)表明其为一颗年轻的、很可能处于主序前阶段的天体,但其光度变化和潜在吸积过程使质量估计复杂化。

ABSTRACT

Within the NaCo-ISPY exoplanet imaging program, we aim at detecting and characterizing the population of low-mass companions at wide separations ($\gtrsim$10AU), focusing in particular on young stars either hosting a known protoplanetary disk or a debris disk. R CrA is one of the youngest (1-3 Myr) and most promising objects in our sample because of two previous studies that suggested the presence of a close companion. Our aim is to directly image and characterize the companion for the first time. We observed R CrA twice with the NaCo instrument at VLT in the $L'$ filter with a one year time baseline in between. The high-contrast imaging data were reduced and analyzed, and in both datasets the companion candidate was detected. The companion is detected at a separation of $196.8\pm4.5$/$196.6\pm5.9$ mas ($18.7\pm1.3$/$18.7\pm1.4$ AU) and position angle of $134.7\pm0.5^\circ/133.7\pm0.7^\circ$ in the first/second epoch observation. We measure a contrast of $7.29\pm0.18$/$6.70\pm0.15$ mag with respect to the primary. Stellar proper motion study rejects the hypothesis of the signal being a background object. The companion candidate orbits in the clockwise direction and, if on a face-on circular orbit, its period is $\sim43-47$ yr. This value disagrees with the estimated orbital motion and therefore a face-on circular orbit may be excluded. Depending on the assumed age, extinction and brightness of the primary, the stellar companion has a mass between $0.10\pm0.02\, M_\odot$ and $1.03^{+0.20}_{-0.18}\,M_\odot$ range, if no contribution from circumsecondary material is taken into account. The presence of the companion needs to be taken into account when analyzing the complex circumstellar environment of R CrA.

研究动机与目标

  • 直接成像并表征R CrA周围低质量伴星候选体。
  • 解析R Coronae Australis星云中复杂的原恒星环境,特别是存在争议的伴星。
  • 利用高对比度成像与天体测量分析,确定伴星的轨道运动、质量及物理性质。
  • 评估光度变化与周围物质对质量估计及伴星表征的影响。
  • 增进对年轻恒星群中宽分离行星与恒星伴星的理解。

提出的方法

  • 利用甚大望远镜的NACO仪器,在L′波段(3.8 μm)获取R CrA的双历元高对比度成像观测,时间间隔为一年。
  • 采用先进的数据处理技术,包括角差成像与斑点噪声抑制,以抑制残留恒星晕斑和噪声。
  • 利用人工负信号精确测量伴星的位置、分离度与对比度,并量化不确定性。
  • 开展自行分析,排除背景天体的可能性,确认该伴星与R CrA共动。
  • 基于R_V = 3.1消光律,对观测对比度进行消光修正(A_V = 1.9–8.0 mag),得到A_L′ = 0.09–0.36 mag。
  • 将绝对L′星等与BT-Settl演化模型比较,结合年龄(1–3 Myr)、消光与亮度变化,估算质量。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1此前提出的R CrA伴星是否为真实共动天体,还是背景源?
  • RQ2该伴星候选体的轨道运动与动力学状态如何?其轨道是否支持俯视圆形轨道?
  • RQ3该伴星的质量是多少?光度变化与周围物质辐射如何影响质量估计?
  • RQ4吸积过程或周围物质再辐射通量在观测到的L′波段通量中占多大比例?
  • RQ5该伴星的存在如何影响对R CrA星云中复杂原恒星环境的解释?

主要发现

  • 在第一历元中,伴星候选体在196.8 ± 4.5 mas(18.7 ± 1.3 AU)处、位置角134.7° ± 0.5°处被稳健检测到,且在第二历元中再次确认。
  • 相对于主星的对比度在第一历元为7.29 ± 0.18 mag,第二历元为6.70 ± 0.15 mag,表明其为一颗暗淡、低质量天体。
  • 自行分析排除了该天体为背景源的可能性,确认其与R CrA物理关联。
  • 该天体的轨道运动与俯视圆形轨道不一致,表明其轨道可能非共面或具有偏心率,轨道周期约为43–47年。
  • 质量估计范围为0.10 ± 0.02 M⊙至1.03+0.20−0.18 M⊙,具体取决于年龄、消光与主星亮度的假设。
  • L′波段亮度表现出约Δmag ≈ 0.4 ± 0.23 mag的光度变化,可能源于吸积或再辐射过程,表明观测通量可能并非真实光球辐射。

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