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[论文解读] Large elements and advanced beamformers for increased field of view in 2-D ultrasound matrix arrays

Mick Gardner, M. L. Oelze|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 16, 2026
Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography被引用 0
一句话总结

该论文证明在二维超声矩阵阵列中,增大单元尺寸可在不增加单元数量的情况下扩大视场,并显示先进波束形成器(NSI、DCF、MV)可保持分辨率和图像质量,在仿真和仿体实验中NSI通常提供最佳分辨率。

ABSTRACT

Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound promises various medical applications for abdominal, obstetrics, and cardiovascular imaging. However, ultrasound matrix arrays have extremely high element counts limiting their field of view (FOV). This work seeks to demonstrate an increased field-of-view using a reduced element count array design. The approach is to increase the element size and use advanced beamformers to maintain image quality. The delay and sum (DAS), Null Subtraction Imaging (NSI), directional coherence factor (DCF), and Minimum Variance (MV) beamformers were compared. K-wave simulations of the 3D point-spread functions (PSF) of NSI, DCF, and MV display reduced side lobes and narrowed main lobes compared to DAS. Experiments were conducted using a multiplexed 1024-element matrix array on a Verasonics 256 system. Elements were electronically coupled to imitate a larger pitch and element size. Then, a virtual large aperture was created by using a positioning system to collect data in sections with the matrix array. High-quality images were obtained using a coupling factor of two, doubling the FOV while maintaining the same element count in the virtual large aperture as the original matrix array. The NSI beamformer demonstrated the best resolution performance in simulations and on the large aperture, maintaining the same resolution as uncoupled DAS for coupling factors up to 4. Our results demonstrate how larger matrix arrays could be constructed with larger elements, with resolution maintained by advanced beamformers.

研究动机与目标

  • 在周期性二维矩阵阵列中使用更大的方形单元是否可以在不增加单元数量的情况下增加孔径和视场。
  • 评估在增大单元尺寸时,先进波束形成器(NSI、DCF、MV)是否能够维持或改善图像质量。
  • 在仿真和由多路复用矩阵探头创建的虚拟大孔径中比较DAS、NSI、DCF、MV的性能。
  • 评价在使用大单元和不同波束形成器时分辨率、对比度与斑点噪声之间的权衡。

提出的方法

  • 使用带有电子耦合的商用二维矩阵阵列(Verasonics系统)来模拟更大的单元并通过象限数据采集创建虚拟大孔径。
  • 对DAS、NSI、DCF、MV进行波束形成以比较分辨率和伪影水平。
  • 运行K-wave仿真以获得NSI、DCF、MV、DAS的三维点扩散函数,从而评估旁瓣和主瓣宽度。
  • 通过耦合相邻单元块(耦合因子1、2、4)并移动探头以收集分段数据来创建虚拟大孔径。
  • 使用FWHM、对比度(CR)、CNR、gCNR、斑点噪声比(sSNR)等指标评估图像质量。
  • 分析每个波束形成器的算法复杂性和运行时间,以讨论计算可行性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在不增加活动单元数量的情况下,周期性二维矩阵阵列中增大单元尺寸是否可以扩大视场?
  • RQ2在增大单元尺寸时,哪种波束形成器能最好地保持分辨率并管理旁瓣(DAS vs NSI vs DCF vs MV)?
  • RQ3耦合因子和虚拟孔径配置如何影响不同波束形成器的分辨率、对比度和斑点?
  • RQ4在大单元条件下,不同波束形成器的图像质量指标(分辨率、对比度、CNR、gCNR、sSNR)之间有哪些权衡?

主要发现

Table 1: Beamformer performance metrics (Lateral FWHM, Elevation FWHM, Contrast)Table 2: Element coupling factors and aperture metrics (Coupling Factor, Element Count, Width (lambda), F-number)Table 3: Beamformer runtimes (Coupling Factor; DAS, NSI, DCF, MV)
DAS2.29 mm1.81 mm26.3 dB
NSI1.22 mm1.25 mm41.3 dB
DCF1.26 mm1.23 mm30.2 dB
MV1.49 mm1.33 mm28.8 dB
140961.481.70
210243.103.51
42566.327.16
286 μs3.1 ms41 ms1.42 s
491 μs1.2 ms20 ms490 ms
  • 在仿真中,NSI在先进波束形成器中提供最佳分辨率,横向/纵向FWHM约为1.22–1.25 mm,主瓣对比到旁瓣最高可达41.3 dB。
  • DAS显示出最高的旁瓣和最低对比度,但仍是计算效率最高的;MV在大单元下提供具有竞争力的CNR和gCNR,但分辨率较差。
  • 将更大单元(耦合因子2)与NSI结合,在 phantom 和虚拟孔径情境中实现的分辨率与未耦合的DAS相当,同时视场扩大一倍。
  • 耦合因子为4会降低分辨率和图像质量,产生颗粒状图像和更大的死区,表明实用单元放大有上限。
  • DC偏置的NSI调谐保持清晰的主瓣并抑制旁瓣,而DCF的性能取决于定向一致性投影,可能降低斑点。
  • 由于在大单元条件下有效的遮蔽权重多样性降低,MV在大单元时的效果较差。
  • 在低单元数虚拟孔径下,NSI在先进波束形成器中具有较好的运行时间效率(在DAS之后NSI最快)。

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