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[论文解读] Late Reheating of the IGM by Quasars: A Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulation of Helium II Reionization

P. Paschos, Michael L. Norman|ArXiv.org|Nov 13, 2007
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena参考文献 1被引用 10
一句话总结

本研究利用辐射流体动力学模拟,通过在光致电离中引入光学厚度效应,对类星体驱动的氦II再电离过程进行建模,以准确预测IGM温度与Lyα森林特性。结果表明,与光学薄近似相比,光学厚度使IGM平均温度升高约1.7倍,且He II吸收体的吸收线更宽,与物理延展性一致。

ABSTRACT

We study the ionization and thermal evolution of the intergalactic medium during the epoch of \heii reionization by means of radiation hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. We post-process baryonic density fields from a standard optically-thin IGM simulation with a homogeneous galaxy-dominated UV background (UVB) which reionizes \hi and \hei at z=6.5 but does not have any contribution to the ionization of \heii. Quasars with luminosities proportional to the mass of the host halos are then introduced as point sources throughout the 100 Mpc simulation volume consistent with the Pei luminosity function. We evolve the spatial distribution of the \heii ionizing radiation field using a time-implicit variable tensor Eddington factor radiative transfer scheme. Simultaneously, we also solve for the local ionization of \heii to \heii and the associated photoheating of the gas. We find that the percolation of the \heiii regions is essentially complete by z=2.5. When comparing to a self-consistent optically thin simulation we find that in optically thick calculation the gas temperature is higher by a factor of approximately 1.7 at the mean gas density level. We use 300 random lines of sight to compute at $\bar{z} = 2.5 \pm 0.1$ a mean \heii \lya line transmission of $\bar{F} = 0.304 \pm 0.002$. We compare the broadening width of the \hi and \heii \lya lines to the results from the self-consistent optically thin simulation and find a shift by approximately 1.25 km/s of the b-parameter distribution. Estimating the relative broadening width between the two forests shows that the \heii median b-parameter is about 0.8 times the median \hi broadening width. This implies that the \heii absorbers are physically extended consistent with conclusions from observed lines of sight.

研究动机与目标

  • 使用真实的辐射转移方法,研究He II再电离期间IGM的热力与电离演化。
  • 量化在标准模拟中常被忽略的光学厚度效应对He II光致电离速率的影响。
  • 将模拟的He II Lyα森林特性与观测结果进行比较,重点关注线透射率与b参数展宽。
  • 评估在晚期氦再电离期间,使用光学薄近似模拟IGM温度与电离状态的有效性。

提出的方法

  • 在100 Mpc的盒子中进行辐射流体动力学宇宙学模拟,利用类星体驱动的电离辐射场对重子密度场进行后处理。
  • 类星体被建模为位于冷暗物质密度峰值的点源,其光度与晕质量成正比,光谱为幂律谱 $J(\nu) \propto \nu^{-1.8}$。
  • 采用时间隐式可变张量Eddington因子辐射转移方案,计算在4、8和16 Ryd能量下的He II电离辐射空间分布。
  • 同时求解局部He II电离与相关光致电离过程,通过完整的He II截面近似 $\sigma_{\text{HeII}} \propto (h\nu/h\nu_3)^{-3}$ 考虑光学厚度效应。
  • 从300条随机视线生成合成吸收线光谱,以计算在 $\bar{z} = 2.5 \pm 0.1$ 时He II Lyα森林的统计特性。
  • 比较光学厚与光学薄模拟中H I与He II线的b参数(多普勒展宽),以评估热效应的影响。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在He II光致电离中引入光学厚度效应后,与标准光学薄近似相比,IGM温度在再电离期间如何变化?
  • RQ2类星体驱动的He II再电离对He II Lyα森林的统计特性(如平均透射率与线展宽)有何影响?
  • RQ3光学厚度效应在多大程度上改变了He II再电离期间气体温度与密度之间的关系?
  • RQ4模拟的H I与He II Lyα线b参数值与观测结果相比如何?这对吸收体结构有何启示?

主要发现

  • 在 $z = 2.5$ 时,He III区域的连通性基本完成,表明He II再电离在此红移前已基本结束。
  • 与光学薄模拟相比,引入光学厚度效应使平均密度下IGM温度升高约1.7倍。
  • 在 $\bar{z} = 2.5 \pm 0.1$ 时,He II Lyα线的平均透射率为 $\bar{F} = 0.304 \pm 0.002$,不同视线间方差为11%。
  • 由于光学厚度效应,H I与He II线的b参数均增加约1.25 km/s,表明热展宽增强。
  • He II吸收体的中位b参数约为H I吸收体的0.8倍,表明He II吸收体在物理上比H I吸收体更延展。
  • 本研究证实,光学薄近似在He II再电离期间使IGM温度低估约2倍,与先前的理论工作一致。

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