[论文解读] Learning under $p$-Tampering Attacks
本文提出了改进的 $p$-篡改攻击,可提升有界实值函数的期望值,从而在目标机器学习设置中实现更强的投毒攻击。研究证明,当可实现性成立时,PAC学习在 $p$-篡改下仍可行;但在能够有选择地选取正确标签对抗样本的强 $p$-预算攻击下,PAC学习变得不可能。
Recently, Mahloujifar and Mahmoody (TCC'17) studied attacks against learning algorithms using a special case of Valiant's malicious noise, called $p$-tampering, in which the adversary gets to change any training example with independent probability $p$ but is limited to only choose malicious examples with correct labels. They obtained $p$-tampering attacks that increase the error probability in the so called targeted poisoning model in which the adversary's goal is to increase the loss of the trained hypothesis over a particular test example. At the heart of their attack was an efficient algorithm to bias the expected value of any bounded real-output function through $p$-tampering. In this work, we present new biasing attacks for increasing the expected value of bounded real-valued functions. Our improved biasing attacks, directly imply improved $p$-tampering attacks against learners in the targeted poisoning model. As a bonus, our attacks come with considerably simpler analysis. We also study the possibility of PAC learning under $p$-tampering attacks in the non-targeted (aka indiscriminate) setting where the adversary's goal is to increase the risk of the generated hypothesis (for a random test example). We show that PAC learning is possible under $p$-tampering poisoning attacks essentially whenever it is possible in the realizable setting without the attacks. We further show that PAC learning under "correct-label" adversarial noise is not possible in general, if the adversary could choose the (still limited to only $p$ fraction of) tampered examples that she substitutes with adversarially chosen ones. Our formal model for such "bounded-budget" tampering attackers is inspired by the notions of (strong) adaptive corruption in secure multi-party computation.
研究动机与目标
- 开发更有效的 $p$-篡改攻击,以偏置有界实值函数的期望值,从而增强目标学习设置中的投毒攻击能力。
- 分析在非目标(无差别)设置下,PAC学习在 $p$-篡改攻击下的可行性,其中攻击者旨在增加对随机测试样本的风险。
- 研究在强 $p$-预算攻击下PAC学习的局限性,此类攻击可有选择地选取带有正确标签的对抗样本,即使篡改比例仅限于 $p$ 分数。
- 提出一个受安全多方计算启发的有界预算篡改形式化模型,区分弱攻击者与强攻击者的能力。
- 在强 $p$-预算攻击下,建立可实现准确率与置信度的紧致界,揭示其在对抗噪声学习中的影响。
提出的方法
- 提出一种新型 $p$-篡改偏置攻击,可高效提升任意有界实值函数在 $p$-篡改下的期望值。
- 引入一种 $p$-重置偏置攻击变体,相较于先前工作,进一步提升了偏置性能并简化了分析。
- 开发理想偏置攻击的多项式时间近似,使该方法可实际部署于学习算法中。
- 使用切尔诺夫不等式分析攻击者在 $p$-篡改过程中耗尽预算的概率,确保高成功概率。
- 通过引入两个概念 $c_0$ 和 $c_1$ 构造分布性论证,证明在攻击者作用下两者不可区分,从而证明任何学习者都无法可靠区分二者。
- 应用集中不等式与条件概率,对学习假设的风险进行有界,表明无论样本大小如何,误差始终至少为 $\Omega(1/k) = \Omega(p)$。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1能否改进 $p$-篡改攻击,以更有效地偏置学习设置中有界实值函数的期望值?
- RQ2当目标概念可实现时,PAC学习在非目标(无差别)设置下是否仍可在 $p$-篡改攻击下保持可行?
- RQ3在可有选择地选取带有正确标签对抗样本的强 $p$-预算攻击下,PAC学习存在哪些局限性?
- RQ4诱导分布的方法能否被适配以在不使用错误标签的情况下,证明 $p$-篡改情境下的负面结果?
- RQ5在强 $p$-预算攻击下,是否存在与 $\omega(p)$ 下界匹配的上界,以限制可实现的准确率或置信度?
主要发现
- 所提出的 $p$-篡改与 $p$-重置偏置攻击显著提升了对有界实值函数期望值的提升能力,从而支持更强的投毒攻击。
- 在非目标设置下,只要在无攻击时可实现性成立,PAC学习在 $p$-篡改下仍可行,表明该噪声下具有鲁棒性。
- 在可有选择地选取带有正确标签对抗样本的强 $p$-预算攻击下,PAC学习不可行,即使篡改比例仅限于 $p$ 分数。
- 在强 $p$-预算攻击下,可实现准确率或置信度的下界为 $\omega(p)$,意味着任何学习者都无法通过任意多的样本实现亚 $p$ 的误差或置信度。
- 分析表明,对于任意学习算法,无论样本大小如何,误差或置信度参数中至少有一个始终至少为 $\Omega(1/k) = \Omega(p)$。
- 该证明依赖于在攻击者作用下构造两个不可区分的分布,使得任何学习者即使完全知晓攻击策略,也无法可靠识别真实概念。
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