[论文解读] Letter of intent; Precise measurements of very forward particle production at RHIC
本文提出在RHIC的ZDC槽位安装一个类似LHCf的电磁 calor器,以在赝快度η > 6的条件下对前向光子、中子和π⁰介子进行精确测量。通过利用现有的LHCf探测器,并在500 GeV p-p和200 GeV p-N碰撞条件下运行,该实验旨在改进宇宙射线空气簇射模拟所用的强子相互作用模型,检验宽范围√s下的费曼标度定律,并以前所未有的分辨率研究前向中子自旋不对称性。
In this paper, we propose an experiment for the precise measurements of very forward particle production at RHIC. The proposal is to install a LHCf-like calorimeter in the ZDC installation slot at one of the RHIC interaction points. By installing a high-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter at this location we measure the spectra of photons, neutrons and pi0 at pseudo rapidity eta above 6. The new measurements at 500 GeV p-p collisions contribute to improve the hadronic interaction models used in the cosmic-ray air shower simulations. Using a similar kinematic coverage at RHIC to that of the measurements at LHC, we can test the Feynman scaling with a wide energy range and make the extrapolation of models into cosmic-ray energy more reliable. Combination of a high position resolution of the LHCf detector and a high energy resolution of the ZDC makes it possible to determine pT of forward neutrons with the ever best resolution. This enables us to study the forward neutron spin asymmetry discovered at RHIC in more detail. Another new experiment expected at RHIC is world-first light-ion collisions. Cosmic-ray interaction models have been so far tested with accelerator data, but colliders have provided only p-p and heavy-ion collisions. To simulate the interaction between cosmic-ray particles and atmosphere, collision of light ions like nitrogen is a ultimate goal for the cosmic-ray physics. We propose 200 GeV p-N collisions together with 200 GeV p-p collisions to study the nuclear effects in the forward particle production. The experiment can be performed by using the existing LHCf detector. Considering the geometry and response of one of the LHCf detectors, we propose some short dedicated operations. Ideal beam conditions are summarized in this paper. Our basic idea is to bring one of the LHCf detectors to RHIC and then operate from 2016 season at RHIC.
研究动机与目标
- 通过在RHIC测量极高前向粒子产生,提高宇宙射线空气簇射模拟的准确性。
- 利用500 GeV p-p和200 GeV p-N碰撞的数据,检验空气簇射模拟中所用强子相互作用模型的有效性。
- 通过扩展测量的√s范围,使模型能够可靠地外推至超高能宇宙射线(UHECR)区域。
- 利用200 GeV p-N碰撞研究前向粒子产生中的核效应,以模拟质子-大气相互作用。
- 通过水平质子束极化,利用改进的探测器几何结构,以更高的横向动量分辨率研究前向中子自旋不对称性。
提出的方法
- 在RHIC一个对撞点的ZDC安装槽位中安装高分辨率电磁 calorimeter。
- 利用现有的LHCf探测器(专为TeV量级前向粒子探测优化)部署于RHIC。
- 在500 GeV p-p、200 GeV p-p和200 GeV p-N碰撞条件下进行专用短时运行,亮度分别为6×10²⁹、4×10³¹和7×10³⁰ cm⁻²s⁻¹。
- 采用未压缩束流以最小化角度发散,提高前向粒子动量分辨率。
- 结合高位置分辨率的LHCf探测器与高能量分辨率的ZDC,实现前向中子最优pT分辨率。
- 实施束流诱导的触发信号与RF时钟同步以实现数据获取,可与主实验共享触发或交换标志。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在500 GeV p-p和200 GeV p-N碰撞中,赝快度η > 6的前向粒子谱(光子、π⁰、中子)如何随√s变化?
- RQ2从200 GeV到500 GeV的√s范围内,费曼标度在多大程度上成立?这对模型外推至UHECR能量区域有何影响?
- RQ3当质子与氮核碰撞时,前向粒子产生中的核效应是什么?与质子-质子碰撞相比有何不同?
- RQ4是否能通过水平束流极化和改进的探测器几何结构,以更高的pT分辨率测量RHIC观测到的前向中子自旋不对称性?
- RQ5在真实的RHIC束流条件下,探测器系统误差和堆叠效应如何影响前向中性粒子的测量?
主要发现
- 为收集0.1 pb⁻¹的积分亮度以进行自旋不对称性测量,实验需在500 GeV p-p碰撞下运行约11小时,亮度为2.5×10³⁰ cm⁻²s⁻¹。
- 在500 GeV p-p碰撞下,亮度为6.3×10²⁹ cm⁻²s⁻¹时,预计可产生10⁶个事件,假设总非弹性截面为50 mb。
- 在200 GeV p-N碰撞下,亮度为6.7×10³⁰ cm⁻²s⁻¹时,预计可产生10⁶个RHICf事件,总非弹性截面为330 mb。
- 探测器预计每 train 有2.1×10⁻³的堆叠率,表明背景干扰较低。
- 使用机械臂将探测器置于ZDC前方是可行的,成本约为10 kUSD,可实现垂直运动并最小化对束流线的干扰。
- 所提议的运行计划允许在特殊运行期间获取数据,束流条件优化为低发射度和大β*,以减少角度发散。
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