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[论文解读] LLM2Swarm: Robot Swarms that Responsively Reason, Plan, and Collaborate through LLMs

Volker Strobel, Marco Dorigo|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 15, 2024
Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出了 LLM2Swarm 框架,通过两种方法将大型语言模型(LLMs)集成到机器人集群中:间接集成用于自动化控制器生成,直接集成用于设备端的自然语言推理、规划与协作。主要贡献在于证明 LLM 能够在仿真和初步硬件测试中实现响应迅速、适应性强且人类可理解的集群行为,包括无需事先进行任务特定编程的异常检测和自然语言指令执行。

ABSTRACT

Robot swarms are composed of many simple robots that communicate and collaborate to fulfill complex tasks. Robot controllers usually need to be specified by experts on a case-by-case basis via programming code. This process is time-consuming, prone to errors, and unable to take into account all situations that may be encountered during deployment. On the other hand, recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated reasoning and planning capabilities, introduced new ways to interact with and program machines, and incorporate both domain-specific and commonsense knowledge. Hence, we propose to address the aforementioned challenges by integrating LLMs with robot swarms and show the potential in proofs of concept (showcases). For this integration, we explore two approaches. The first approach is 'indirect integration,' where LLMs are used to synthesize and validate the robot controllers. This approach may reduce development time and human error before deployment. Moreover, during deployment, it could be used for on-the-fly creation of new robot behaviors. The second approach is 'direct integration,' where each robot locally executes a separate LLM instance during deployment for robot-robot collaboration and human-swarm interaction. These local LLM instances enable each robot to reason, plan, and collaborate using natural language, as demonstrated in our showcases where the robots are able to detect a variety of anomalies, without prior information about the nature of these anomalies. To enable further research on our mainly conceptual contribution, we release the software and videos for our LLM2Swarm system: https://github.com/Pold87/LLM2Swarm.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决传统机器人集群编程的局限性,包括耗时、易出错且对意外事件缺乏灵活性。
  • 探索 LLM 如何通过自然语言提升机器人集群的自主性、适应性及人机交互能力。
  • 证明 LLM 能够在不了解异常性质的前提下检测多种异常类型。
  • 使非专家人类操作员能够通过自然语言与集群交互,下达指令并查询状态。
  • 发布开源软件和视频演示,以加速 LLM 集成集群机器人的研究。

提出的方法

  • 间接集成:使用强大的 LLM 在部署前生成并验证机器人控制器,减少手动编码和错误率。
  • 直接集成:在每台机器人上本地部署轻量级 LLM 实例,实现实时自然语言推理、规划与协作。
  • 在 ARGoS 中模拟系统,每台机器人使用轻量级 LLM 模拟实际部署中的设备端执行。
  • 通过自然语言提示实现人机交互,LLM 解释指令并生成响应或动作。
  • 设计演示场景,测试控制器生成、机器人间协作及动态条件下的人机交互。
  • 使用单一提示在多种场景中实现异常检测,利用 LLM 的常识知识,无需事先指定异常类型。
Figure 1: Overview of LLM2Swarm – LLM-enabled robot swarms . LLM2Swarm involves four key system components: humans, LLMs, controllers, and platforms. Before mission start : a human designer uses both manual design and LLM2Swarm’s controller synthesis module (which prompts a powerful LLM) to generate
Figure 1: Overview of LLM2Swarm – LLM-enabled robot swarms . LLM2Swarm involves four key system components: humans, LLMs, controllers, and platforms. Before mission start : a human designer uses both manual design and LLM2Swarm’s controller synthesis module (which prompts a powerful LLM) to generate

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1LLM 是否能有效合成机器人集群控制器,而无需专家编程,从而减少开发时间和错误?
  • RQ2机器人上的本地 LLM 实例是否能实现实时、基于自然语言的推理、规划与协作?
  • RQ3LLM2Swarm 是否能通过单一通用提示检测并响应多种此前未见过的异常?
  • RQ4非专家人类操作员是否能通过自然语言有效与机器人集群交互,下达指令并查询状态?
  • RQ5LLM 在不可预测环境中通过常识推理,能在多大程度上提升集群的自主性与适应性?

主要发现

  • LLM2Swarm 仅通过单一提示成功生成了机器人控制器,展示了自动化、低错误率控制器生成的潜力。
  • 配备本地 LLM 的机器人在未预先知晓异常性质的情况下,成功检测到多种异常(如传感器故障、受伤人员),表明其具备有效的常识推理能力。
  • 该系统实现了基于自然语言的人机交互,人类操作员仅通过自然语言即可下达指令并获取状态摘要。
  • 在响应人类提示时,集群正确理解了目标位置并成功导航至该位置,证明了从自然语言生成可执行命令的能力。
  • 机器人上的轻量级 LLM 能够在任务执行过程中实时生成新控制器,显著提升了适应性。
  • 开源软件和视频演示的发布,确保了研究的可复现性,并推动了 LLM 集成集群机器人领域的进一步研究。
Figure 3: System interactions for LLM2Swarm’s direct integration module. Using LLM2Swarm’s direct integration module, a robot’s controller is composed of two parts: a classical controller and an on-device LLM. As in traditional approaches, the classical controller manages the robot’s actuators and s
Figure 3: System interactions for LLM2Swarm’s direct integration module. Using LLM2Swarm’s direct integration module, a robot’s controller is composed of two parts: a classical controller and an on-device LLM. As in traditional approaches, the classical controller manages the robot’s actuators and s

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