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[论文解读] Local ISM 3D distribution and soft X-ray background: Inferences on nearby hot gas and the North Polar Spur

L. Puspitarini, R. Lallement|Jan 27, 2014
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations参考文献 39被引用 28
一句话总结

本研究利用来自约23,000颗恒星消光测量的三维尘埃消光图,对邻近热气体的软X射线背景(SXRB)发射进行建模,重点关注局部泡系和北天极喷流。通过对比经过日球层污染修正后的ROSAT 0.25 keV和0.75 keV X射线图象,发现X射线明亮区域与星际空腔在空间上高度对应,推断局部泡系内平均压力约为~10,000 cm⁻³ K,并得出结论:北天极喷流(NPS)很可能起源于距离超过~200 pc的热气体,而非附近空腔。

ABSTRACT

3D maps of the ISM can be used to locate not only IS clouds, but also IS bubbles between the clouds that are blown by stellar winds and supernovae. We compare our 3D maps of the IS dust to the ROSAT diffuse X-ray background maps. In the Plane, there is a good correspondence between the locations and extents of the mapped nearby cavities and the 0.25 keV background emission distribution, showing that most of these nearby cavities contribute to this soft X-ray emission. Assuming a constant dust to gas ratio and homogeneous 1MK hot gas filling the cavities, we modeled in a simple way the 0.25 keV surface brightness along the Galactic plane as seen from the Sun, taking into account the absorption by the mapped clouds. The data-model comparison favors the existence of hot gas in the Local Bubble (LB). The average mean pressure in the local cavities is found to be on the order of about 10,000 cm-3K, in agreement with previous studies. The model overestimates the emission from the huge cavities in the 3rd quadrant. Using CaII absorption data, we show that the dust to CaII ratio is very small in this region, implying the presence of a large quantity of lower temperature (non-X-ray emitting) ionized gas, explaining at least part of the discrepancy. In the meridian plane, the two main brightness enhancements coincide well with the chimneys connecting the LB to the halo. No nearby cavity is found towards the bright North Polar Spur (NPS) at high latitude. We searched in the maps for the source regions of the 0.75 keV enhancements in the 4th and 1st quadrants. Tunnels and cavities are found to coincide with the main bright areas, however no tunnel nor cavity is found to match the low-latitude, brightest part of the NPS. In addition, the comparison between the maps and published spectra do not favor the nearby cavities located within about 200pc as potential source regions for the NPS.

研究动机与目标

  • 将三维星际尘埃分布与弥散软X射线背景(SXRB)发射相联系,以确定太阳邻近区域热气体的空间起源。
  • 评估由恒星风和超新星形成的邻近星际空腔是否能解释观测到的软X射线发射。
  • 评估星际云层的前景吸收对不同银道面视线方向上观测到的SXRB强度的影响。
  • 通过三维ISM结构和光谱数据,检验北天极喷流(NPS)源于太阳附近~200 pc以内的热气体的假设。
  • 通过将简化辐射转移模型与观测X射线表面亮度对比,验证局部泡系的压力和范围。

提出的方法

  • 利用约23,000颗邻近恒星的消光测量数据,反演得到三维尘埃消光图,以重建星际物质的三维分布。
  • 使用ROSAT全天 Survey(RASS)在0.25 keV和0.75 keV能量下的软X射线背景图象,且在初步去除日球层(SWCX)发射污染后进行分析。
  • 应用简化辐射转移模型,假设均匀的10⁶ K热气体填充空腔,且尘气比恒定,以计算不同视线方向上0.25 keV表面亮度的预期值。
  • 将映射的星际云层吸收效应整合入模型,采用光学深度积分方法,最大延伸至300 pc。
  • 将模型预测的X射线表面亮度与ROSAT观测数据对比,推断局部泡系内的平均压力。
  • 将三维空腔结构与CaII吸收数据交叉比对,评估暖电离气体的存在,其可能减少X射线发射热气体所占体积。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在三维尘埃图中识别出的邻近星际空腔是否在空间上与银河系平面内的软X射线发射特征相对应?
  • RQ2在假设均匀条件和已知尘气比的前提下,观测到的0.25 keV软X射线背景发射能否由填充局部泡系的热气体解释?
  • RQ3北天极喷流(NPS)发射主要源于太阳附近~200 pc以内的热气体,还是源于更远区域?
  • RQ4由CaII吸收指示的暖电离气体存在,如何改变对大空腔中X射线发射热气体有效体积和发射率的推断?
  • RQ5在第三象限中,模型预测与观测之间的偏差在多大程度上源于空腔中非X射线发射电离气体的低估?

主要发现

  • 在银道面内,0.25 keV软X射线背景发射与邻近星际空腔的位置和范围强烈相关,特别是沿60°–240°方向的巨型空腔以及在l ≈ 70°附近的较小空腔。
  • 数据与模型对比支持局部泡系中存在热气体,推断的平均压力约为~10,000 cm⁻³ K,与先前研究一致。
  • 模型在第三象限的大空腔区域高估了X射线发射,这可通过低尘-CaII比值解释,表明存在大量非X射线发射的暖电离气体,从而降低了热气体的有效体积。
  • 在子午面内,两个主要的X射线亮度增强区域与局部泡系的拉长部分和烟囱结构对齐,但无任何邻近空腔与高银纬的北天极喷流(NPS)发射(b ≈ +8°)相匹配。
  • 未发现任何邻近空腔(~200 pc以内)与明亮的低银纬(b ≳ 8°)NPS区域重合,光谱数据也不支持邻近空腔是0.75 keV NPS发射的来源。
  • NPS发射更可能源于距离超过~200 pc的热气体,其可能起源延伸至银河系中心,基于三维ISM图中缺乏附近源的证据。

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