[论文解读] Lovász Meets Weisfeiler and Leman
本文建立了颜色细化算法(1维Weisfeiler-Leman)、通过线性规划的分数同构性,以及从树出发的同态计数之间的深度等价关系。证明了两个图在颜色细化下不可区分,当且仅当它们对每一棵树的同态计数相同,并通过Sherali-Adams松弛的第k级,将这一结论推广至k维Weisfeiler-Leman算法和树宽为k的图。关键贡献是提出了一种准线性时间算法,用于判断两个图在树同态计数上是否存在差异。
In this paper, we relate a beautiful theory by Lovász with a popular heuristic algorithm for the graph isomorphism problem, namely the color refinement algorithm and its k-dimensional generalization known as the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm. We prove that two graphs G and H are indistinguishable by the color refinement algorithm if and only if, for all trees T, the number Hom(T,G) of homomorphisms from T to G equals the corresponding number Hom(T,H) for H. There is a natural system of linear equations whose nonnegative integer solutions correspond to the isomorphisms between two graphs. The nonnegative real solutions to this system are called fractional isomorphisms, and two graphs are fractionally isomorphic if and only if the color refinement algorithm cannot distinguish them (Tinhofer 1986, 1991). We show that, if we drop the nonnegativity constraints, that is, if we look for arbitrary real solutions, then a solution to the linear system exists if and only if, for all t, the two graphs have the same number of length-t walks. We lift the results for trees to an equivalence between numbers of homomorphisms from graphs of tree width k, the k-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm, and the level-k Sherali-Adams relaxation of our linear program. We also obtain a partial result for graphs of bounded path width and solutions to our system where we drop the nonnegativity constraints. A consequence of our results is a quasi-linear time algorithm to decide whether, for two given graphs G and H, there is a tree T with Hom(T,G) = Hom(T,H).
研究动机与目标
- 建立颜色细化算法(1-WL)与从树出发的同态计数之间的精确联系。
- 利用从树出发的同态计数,刻画两个图分数同构的条件。
- 通过Sherali-Adams松弛的第k级,将等价关系推广至k维Weisfeiler-Leman算法与有界树宽图。
- 开发一种准线性时间算法,用于判断两个图在树同态计数上是否存在差异。
提出的方法
- 证明两个图G和H在颜色细化下不可区分,当且仅当对所有树T,有Hom(T, G) = Hom(T, H)。
- 通过线性方程组Fiso(G, H)定义分数同构性,证明非负实数解存在当且仅当颜色细化无法区分G和H。
- 通过将同态计数与Fiso(G, H)的第k级Sherali-Adams松弛关联,将等价关系从树推广至树宽为k的图。
- 引入路径分解P宽度为k的条件性袋状同构同态计数bIso((F, P), G | u1...uk v1...vk)。
- 通过路径分解长度的归纳法,证明若Lk+1_iso(G, H)存在实数解,则对所有具有宽度为k的路径分解P的图F,有bIso((F, P), G) = bIso((F, P), H)。
- 证明对于路径宽至多为k的图,若Lk+1_iso(G, H)存在实数解,则Hom(F, G) = Hom(F, H)成立。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1当两个图对每一棵树的同态计数相同时,其与颜色细化算法有何关联?
- RQ2分数同构性与从树出发的同态计数之间的确切关系是什么?
- RQ3k维Weisfeiler-Leman算法与同构线性规划的第k级Sherali-Adams松弛之间有何关系?
- RQ4同态计数与Weisfeiler-Leman细化之间的等价性能否推广至有界树宽或路径宽图?
- RQ5是否存在一种计算上高效的算法,用于判断两个图在树同态计数上是否存在差异?
主要发现
- 两个图G和H在颜色细化算法下不可区分,当且仅当对所有树T,有Hom(T, G) = Hom(T, H)。
- 图G和H之间存在分数同构性,当且仅当颜色细化无法区分它们,且这等价于对所有树T,有Hom(T, G) = Hom(T, H)。
- 对于树宽为k的图,k维Weisfeiler-Leman算法无法区分G和H,当且仅当对所有树宽至多为k的图F,有Hom(F, G) = Hom(F, H)。
- 系统Lk+1_iso(G, H)存在实数解,当且仅当对所有路径宽至多为k的图F,有Hom(F, G) = Hom(F, H)。
- 存在一种准线性时间算法,可通过检查颜色细化结果,判断是否存在一棵树T使得Hom(T, G) ≠ Hom(T, H)。
- 对于路径宽至多为k的图,若Lk+1_iso(G, H)存在实数解,则对所有具有宽度为k的路径分解P的图F,有bIso((F, P), G) = bIso((F, P), H)。
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