[论文解读] Low-Mass Star Formation: Initial Conditions, Disk Instabilities, and the Brown Dwarf Desert
本文提出一个理论框架,将前恒星核的初始条件与低质量恒星形成过程中的盘不稳定性联系起来,表明原恒星盘中的自引力不稳定性受恒星辐射抑制,导致早期碎片化随后发生合并——从而解释了观测中亚恒星伴星稀少的现象,即‘棕矮星荒漠’。
We develop a simple theory to predict the initial conditions for low-mass star formation and relate these to instabilities of protostellar accretion disks that may produce stellar or substellar companions. We first account for the effects of a turbulent velocity field on the cores that form stars. Revised scales for mass, radius, turbulent velocity, and angular momentum are derived from the gas temperature of the prestellar core and the column density of the parent cloud. The full distribution angular momentum around its characteristic scale is derived from an idealized but reasonable set of assumptions. Second, we examine the criterion for fragmentation to occur during star formation, concentrating on the self-gravitational instabilities of protostellar accretion disks in their main accretion phase. Disk instability can develop from rotating initial conditions even if they are axisymmetric; therefore it provides a conservative bound for the criterion of fragmentation. Self-gravitational instabilities are strongly dependent on the thermal state of the disk, and we find that stellar irradiation quenches fragmentation due to Toomre's local instability. An early phase of fragmentation is nevertheless likely, but fragments born in this phase are in close proximity and are likely to merge later due to disk accretion. Global instability of the disk may be required to process mass supply, but this is unlikely to produce fragments. These conclusions help to explain the dearth of substellar companions to stellar type stars -- the brown dwarf desert.
研究动机与目标
- 理解从前恒星核特性出发,控制低质量恒星形成的初始条件。
- 研究主吸积阶段的盘不稳定性如何影响恒星或亚恒星伴星的形成。
- 确定为何在类太阳恒星周围亚恒星伴星稀少,解释‘棕矮星荒漠’现象。
- 评估湍流、角动量和热状态在触发原恒星盘碎片化中的作用。
提出的方法
- 利用气体温度和云柱密度,推导前恒星核中质量、半径、湍流速度和角动量的修正量级。
- 通过理想化但物理解释合理的假设,对特征尺度周围的角动量分布进行建模。
- 应用托姆雷的局部引力不稳定性判据,评估原恒星盘中碎片化的潜在性。
- 评估恒星辐射对通过热稳定化抑制盘碎片化的效应。
- 分析全局盘不稳定性在质量供给与碎片产生之间的角色。
- 考虑轴对称初始条件,以建立盘不稳定性开始的保守下限。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1前恒星核中的湍流速度场如何影响低质量恒星形成的初始条件?
- RQ2在主吸积阶段,何种条件会触发原恒星吸积盘中的自引力不稳定性?
- RQ3恒星辐射在多大程度上通过热稳定化抑制盘碎片化?
- RQ4为何在低质量恒星周围近距离的亚恒星伴星稀少,这与盘不稳定性有何关联?
- RQ5全局盘不稳定性能否产生长寿命的碎片,还是主要促进质量供给?
主要发现
- 前恒星核中的湍流速度场导致基于气体温度和云柱密度的质量、半径和角动量的修正估计。
- 从轴对称、旋转的初始条件出发,盘不稳定性可以发展,为碎片化提供保守的下限。
- 恒星辐射强烈抑制碎片化,通过稳定化抑制托姆雷型局部不稳定性。
- 早期碎片化很可能发生,但碎片彼此靠近且由于盘吸积而容易发生合并。
- 全局盘不稳定性可能调节质量供给,但不太可能产生长寿命的碎片。
- 这些机制共同解释了观测中亚恒星伴星稀少的现象——即通常所称的‘棕矮星荒漠’。
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