[论文解读] Luminous Red Nova AT 2019zhd, a new merger in M 31
该论文报道了在仙女座星系(M31)中发现的AT 2019zhd,这是一种明亮红新星(LRN),在长期爆发前光度上升后被确认为恒星并合事件。爆发由并合后的气体喷射驱动,其峰值绝对星等为Mr = -9.61 ± 0.08 mag,并在平台期后出现缓慢衰减,光谱呈现冷却的M型恒星特征(Teff ≈ 3000 K)和强烈的TiO吸收带,与并合前的公共包层喷射情景一致。静止前体通过哈勃空间望远镜(HST)档案数据被识别为双星系统中的M5型恒星。
We present the follow-up campaign of the luminous red nova (LRN) AT~2019zhd, the third event of this class observed in M 31. The object was followed by several sky surveys for about five months before the outburst, during which it showed a slow luminosity rise. In this phase, the absolute magnitude ranged from M_r=-2.8+-0.2 mag to M_r=-5.6+-0.1 mag. Then, over a four-five day period, AT 2019zhd experienced a major brightening, reaching at peak M_r=-9.61+-0.08 mag, and an optical luminosity of 1.4x10^39 erg/s. After a fast decline, the light curve settled onto a short-duration plateau in the red bands. Although less pronounced, this feature is reminiscent of the second red maximum observed in other LRNe. This phase was followed by a rapid linear decline in all bands. At maximum, the spectra show a blue continuum with prominent Balmer emission lines. The post-maximum spectra show a much redder continuum, resembling that of an intermediate-type star. In this phase, Halpha becomes very weak, Hbeta is no longer detectable and a forest of narrow absorption metal lines now dominate the spectrum. The latest spectra, obtained during the post-plateau decline, show a very red continuum (T_eff ~ 3000 K) with broad molecular bands of TiO, similar to those of M-type stars. The long-lasting, slow photometric rise observed before the peak resembles that of LRN V1309 Sco, which was interpreted as the signature of the common-envelope ejection. The subsequent outburst is likely due to the gas outflow following a stellar merging event. The inspection of archival HST images taken 22 years before the LRN discovery reveals a faint red source (M_F555W=0.21+-0.14 mag, with F555W-F814W = 2.96+-0.12 mag) at the position of AT 2019zhd, which is the most likely quiescent precursor. The source is consistent with expectations for a binary system including a predominant M5-type star.
研究动机与目标
- 表征AT 2019zhd这一新发现的仙女座星系中明亮红新星的测光与光谱演化特征。
- 利用HST档案数据研究AT 2019zhd的前身体系统,以识别其静止前体。
- 通过分析爆发前光曲线与爆发动力学,检验明亮红新星的公共包层喷射模型。
- 将AT 2019zhd的光曲线与光谱演化特性与其它已知明亮红新星(如V1309 Sco和V838 Mon)进行比较。
- 确定爆发后光谱的物理参数,包括有效温度与分子带特征。
提出的方法
- 利用天空巡天(如PS1、ZTF、ATLAS)和望远镜(如北欧光学望远镜、大加那利望远镜)进行多波段测光监测,覆盖爆发前五个月及爆发后的时间段。
- 使用高分辨率仪器进行光谱后续观测,追踪从含巴尔末线的蓝连续谱到含TiO带的红连续谱的光谱演化。
- 分析爆发前22年拍摄的哈勃空间望远镜(HST)档案图像,以识别静止前体源。
- 利用标准滤光片(如F555W、F814W)进行测光校准,以推导前体的绝对星等与色指数。
- 通过光谱拟合估算有效温度(Teff),并识别晚期光谱中的分子特征(如TiO带)。
- 将光曲线形态与公共包层喷射及恒星并合爆发的理论模型进行比较。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1AT 2019zhd中观测到的爆发前光度上升现象的本质是什么?是否支持公共包层喷射情景?
- RQ2在HST档案数据中识别出的静止前体系统的物理特性是什么?
- RQ3AT 2019zhd的光谱演化与其它已知明亮红新星相比如何,特别是在平台期后阶段?
- RQ4AT 2019zhd的峰值光度与绝对星等是多少?与其他明亮红新星相比有何差异?
- RQ5平台期后光谱的有效温度与分子组成是什么?这对残骸星体有何启示?
主要发现
- AT 2019zhd在爆发前五个月内表现出缓慢的光度上升,绝对星等从Mr = -2.8 ± 0.2 mag上升至Mr = -5.6 ± 0.1 mag。
- 爆发达到峰值绝对星等Mr = -9.61 ± 0.08 mag,对应光学光度为1.4 × 10^39 erg s^-1。
- 在初始衰减后,于红波段观测到一个持续时间较短的平台期,类似于其他明亮红新星中观测到的第二次红极大。
- 最大亮度后的光谱显示更红的连续谱和大量窄吸收金属线,其中Hα减弱,Hβ未被检测到。
- 最新光谱显示极红的连续谱,有效温度Teff ≈ 3000 K,并具有宽广的TiO分子带,特征与M型恒星一致。
- HST档案图像在爆发位置揭示了一个微弱的红色前体源,其F555W = 0.21 ± 0.14 mag,F555W-F814W = 2.96 ± 0.12 mag,与双星系统中的M5型恒星一致。
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