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[论文解读] Maximum information states for coherent scattering measurements

Dorian Bouchet, Stefan Rotter|Figshare|Feb 24, 2020
Random lasers and scattering media参考文献 43被引用 49
一句话总结

引入用于相干散射测量的最大信息态;显示这些态是从系统散射矩阵推导出的费舍信息算符的特征态,并在无序介质中展示数量级精度提升。

ABSTRACT

The use of coherent light for precision measurements has been a key driving force for numerous research directions, ranging from biomedical optics to semiconductor manufacturing. Recent work demonstrates that the precision of such measurements can be significantly improved by tailoring the spatial profile of light fields used for estimating an observable system parameter. These advances naturally raise the intriguing question of which states of light can provide the ultimate measurement precision. Here, we introduce a general approach to determine the optimal coherent states of light for estimating any given parameter, regardless of the complexity of the system. Our analysis reveals that the light fields delivering the ultimate measurement precision are eigenstates of a Hermitian operator which quantifies the Fisher information based on the system's scattering matrix. To illustrate this concept, we experimentally show that these maximum information states can probe the phase or the position of an object that is hidden by a disordered medium with a precision improved by an order of magnitude as compared to unoptimized states. Our results enable optimally precise measurements in arbitrarily complex systems, thus establishing a new benchmark for metrology and imaging applications.

研究动机与目标

  • 推动在通过复杂介质的相干光散射中最大化测量精度的需要。
  • 发展一个将费舍信息与系统散射矩阵联系起来的通用框架,以识别最优光态。
  • 在实验中证明最大信息态在估计无序背后的局部观测量方面优于平面波。
  • 展示该方法的鲁棒性并将其与更广泛的计量学与成像应用联系起来。

提出的方法

  • 在一个输入为 |E^{in}>, 输出为 |E^{out}>, 由 S 相联系的相干态散射设置中为参数 theta 定义费舍信息。
  • 引入费舍信息算符 F_theta = (∂_theta S)† (∂_theta S),并证明最优输入态是其最大特征值对应的特征态。
  • 将量子费舍信息与所用的特定同相检测方案联系起来,在实验中表明 I(theta) = J(theta)。
  • 计算对 theta 的反射矩阵导数 ∂_theta r,以构造最优输入。
  • 在实验中测量反射矩阵及其导数,以为位相和位置观测量在漫散器后构建最大信息态。
  • 演示与维格纳-史密特算子之间的联系,并讨论单位矩阵 S 的极限,在那里 F_theta = Q_theta^2。
Fig. 1 | Principle of an optimal coherent scattering measurement. A scattering medium is characterized by an unknown parameter $\theta$ . This parameter is estimated by illuminating the medium with coherent light and by measuring the outgoing field state via a homodyne detection scheme. In many case
Fig. 1 | Principle of an optimal coherent scattering measurement. A scattering medium is characterized by an unknown parameter $\theta$ . This parameter is estimated by illuminating the medium with coherent light and by measuring the outgoing field state via a homodyne detection scheme. In many case

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在复杂散射介质中,对于给定参数,何种入射光态能最大化费舍信息的最优入射态是何者?
  • RQ2费舍信息如何用系统散射矩阵表示,并用于设计最大信息态?
  • RQ3与平面波相比,最大信息态在估计无序背后的隐藏参数方面是否提供可测量的改进?
  • RQ4观测者的位置及所关注的观测量如何影响最大信息态的结构?
  • RQ5最大信息态与现有概念,如维格纳-史密特算子和测量背作用之间的联系是什么?

主要发现

  • 最大信息态是厄米费舍信息算符 F_theta = (∂_theta S)†(∂_theta S) 的特征态。
  • 最优入射态在给定入射光子数下使费舍信息达到最大(即 F_theta 的最大特征值)。
  • 在实验中,最大信息态在费舍信息方面(平均约提升300倍)和强度方面(提升约20倍)相对于平面波照明有显著提升。
  • 最大信息态会适应观测者的视野和感兴趣的观测量,将信息集中在测量关键的地方。
  • 在单位 S 矩阵极限下,F_theta = Q_theta^2,将最大信息态与主模和测量背作用概念联系起来。
Fig. 2 | Characteristics of maximum information states. a , Sketch of the experiment: the observer (left) is a camera with a field of view covering $880$ µm 2 , separated by a diffuser (middle) from a cross-shaped target object (right) that induces a phase shift $\varphi$ as our observable parameter
Fig. 2 | Characteristics of maximum information states. a , Sketch of the experiment: the observer (left) is a camera with a field of view covering $880$ µm 2 , separated by a diffuser (middle) from a cross-shaped target object (right) that induces a phase shift $\varphi$ as our observable parameter

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