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[论文解读] Measurement-Induced State Transitions in a Superconducting Qubit: Within the Rotating Wave Approximation

Mostafa Khezri, Alex Opremcak|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 9, 2022
Quantum Information and Cryptography参考文献 39被引用 5
一句话总结

本论文研究在谐振腔频率低于量子比特频率时,超导transmon量子比特在解析读出下的测量诱导态跃迁(MIST)。在旋转波近似(RWA)框架下的半经典模型表明,MIST的起因是布居态之间的共振跃迁,这些跃迁在低光子数(约5)时发生,是通过虚态实现的有效耦合所致。研究进一步表明,此类跃迁会导致量子比特泄漏至高激发态,这些态难以被重置,从而对快速错误校正协议构成挑战。

ABSTRACT

Superconducting qubits typically use a dispersive readout scheme, where a resonator is coupled to a qubit such that its frequency is qubit-state dependent. Measurement is performed by driving the resonator, where the transmitted resonator field yields information about the resonator frequency and thus the qubit state. Ideally, we could use arbitrarily strong resonator drives to achieve a target signal-to-noise ratio in the shortest possible time. However, experiments have shown that when the average resonator photon number exceeds a certain threshold, the qubit is excited out of its computational subspace in a process we refer to as a measurement-induced state transition (MIST). These transitions degrade readout fidelity, and constitute leakage which precludes further operation of the qubit in, for example, error correction. Here we study these transitions experimentally with a transmon qubit by measuring their dependence on qubit frequency, average resonator photon number, and qubit state, in the regime where the resonator frequency is lower than the qubit frequency. We observe signatures of resonant transitions between levels in the coupled qubit-resonator system that exhibit noisy behavior when measured repeatedly in time. We provide a semi-classical model of these transitions based on the rotating wave approximation and use it to predict the onset of state transitions in our experiments. Our results suggest the transmon is excited to levels near the top of its cosine potential following a state transition, where the charge dispersion of higher transmon levels explains the observed noisy behavior of state transitions. Moreover, we show that occupation in these higher energy levels poses a major challenge for fast qubit reset.

研究动机与目标

  • 理解在谐振腔频率低于量子比特频率时,超导transmon量子比特在解析读出过程中测量诱导态跃迁(MIST)的机制。
  • 表征MIST如何依赖于量子比特频率、平均谐振腔光子数及量子比特态。
  • 在旋转波近似(RWA)框架下构建一个无需拟合参数的半经典模型,以预测MIST的起始。
  • 研究transmon偏置电荷在调制共振条件中的作用,及其对MIST发生频率波动的影响。
  • 评估MIST对量子比特重置保真度的影响,特别是在循环量子误差校正背景下的影响。

提出的方法

  • 研究采用一个与Purcell滤波谐振腔耦合的transmon量子比特,其谐振腔频率(4.75 GHz)低于量子比特最大频率(6.34 GHz)。
  • 实验通过相干驱动测量MIST随量子比特频率、平均谐振腔光子数及量子比特态的变化,同时追踪布居演化。
  • 构建一个基于旋转波近似(RWA)的半经典模型,以描述耦合的量子比特-谐振腔系统,将谐振腔视为具有时变光子数的相干态。
  • 该模型将MIST的起源归因于基态|0⟩与高激发态|9⟩之间的 avoided crossing,其有效耦合通过中间能级的虚跃迁介导。
  • 利用微扰论估算有效耦合强度:$ g_{\text{eff}} \approx \frac{g_{0,1}g_{1,2}\cdots g_{8,9}}{\Delta_{1,0}\Delta_{2,0}\cdots\Delta_{8,0}} \bar{n}_{\text{cross}}^{9/2} $,表明即使在大失谐下,耦合也未被抑制。
  • 系统的演化通过含时相干驱动的薛定谔方程建模,光子损耗则以随机应用湮灭算符的方式处理,与Lindblad和Kraus算符描述一致。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当谐振腔频率低于量子比特频率时,是什么导致了transmon量子比特中的测量诱导态跃迁(MIST)?
  • RQ2MIST的起始与发生如何依赖于平均谐振腔光子数与量子比特频率?
  • RQ3能否在旋转波近似(RWA)框架下,通过一个无需拟合参数的半经典模型定量预测MIST的起始?
  • RQ4为何重复时间测量时MIST表现出噪声行为?transmon偏置电荷如何影响这一现象?
  • RQ5MIST诱导的激发态在多大程度上抵抗重置?其对量子误差校正协议有何影响?

主要发现

  • MIST在低平均谐振腔光子数下发生,其起始点出现在约$ \bar{n} \approx 5 $,远低于临界光子数$ n_{\text{crit}} \approx 25 $。
  • 跃迁由量子比特基态|0⟩与高激发transmon态|9⟩之间的反避免能级交叉引起,其发生于$ \bar{n}_{\text{cross}} \approx 40 $,能级分裂为25 MHz。
  • |0⟩与|9⟩之间有效耦合强度估算为$ g_{\text{eff}}/2\pi \approx 32 $ MHz,与观测到的12.5 MHz量级相近,表明通过中间能级的虚跃迁并未抑制耦合。
  • transmon偏置电荷调制了共振条件,解释了重复时间测量中MIST发生频率波动的现象。
  • MIST事件发生后,量子比特被激发至transmon余弦势能阱顶部附近的能级,这些能级表现出强烈的电荷色散性,难以被重置,从而在循环误差校正中显著降低性能。
  • 结果表明,即使在低光子数驱动下,通过RWA介导的共振仍可诱导MIST,挑战了‘强驱动’是此类跃迁必要条件的假设。

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